Analysis Of Prospective Cohort Study Data - 916 Words

Statistical Analysis An objective of the analysis of prospective cohort study data is to compare disease occurrence in the group to the exposure factors. Disease occurrence is measured using cumulative incidence or incidence rates, and the relationship between exposure and disease occurrence is quantified by the cumulative incidence or incidence rate difference and ratio. Calculating an incidence rate involves determining the amount of person-time accrued by each study subject. Relative risks of each of the variables that are evaluated in the study are calculated. In addition, a Cox proportional hazard models is used to analyzed the relationship between environmental and genetic factors and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Persons-years were calculated for all the individuals from the beginning of the prospective cohort study until the end of the study or end due to loss to follow-up. The reasoning for utilizing the Cox proportional hazards models is because the study has continuous and multiple covariates. Ea ch of the factors need to be evaluate and compare in order to establish whether there is a relationship between environmental factors and the manifestation of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Multivariate analysis is necessary to implement due to the potential number of confounding variables in the study. Multivariate analysis involves the construction of a mathematical model that describes the association between exposure, disease, and confounders. This type of analysis isShow MoreRelatedCorrelation Between Acute Dysglycemia And Death Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesThe study Serum Glucose Levels for Predicting Death in Patients Admitted to Hospital for Community Acquired Pneumonia: Prospective Cohort Study was published by the British Medical Journal (The BMJ) in the journal volume 344, number E3397, on May 29th of 2012. The study was conducted by consultant physician Philipp M. Lepper, consultant physician Sebastian Ott, statistician Eveline Nà ¼esh, consultant physician Maximilian von Eynatten, consultant physician Christian Schumann, professor Mathias W. PletzRead MoreAnalyzing The Association Between Intake Of Different Types Of Beverages And Obesity Outcomes1301 W ords   |  6 PagesIn this study, we conducted multivariate linear regression analysis to examine the association between intake of different types of beverages and obesity outcomes in children and adults. We found out that, SSB intake in both children and adults had the significant contribution to obesity outcomes. This positive association is consistent with previous studies reporting a strong positive dose-response relationship between intake of SSB and adiposity among Australian and Danish children (12, 21), andRead MorePhysical Therapists Should Be Legal1476 Words   |  6 Pagestimed up and go test a useful predictor of risk of falls in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 14(1), 14. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-14 Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. (2013). Discriminative ability and predictive validity of the timed up and go test in identifying older people who fall: systematic review and meta†analysis (Structured abstract). Journal of The American Geriatrics Society, 61(2), 202-208. Kojima, G., Masud, T., Kendrick, D., MorrisRead MoreWhat Is The Cohort Study?1002 Words   |  5 Pages Within the selected study, researchers aimed to measure the effects between breast cancer patients’ taste function while receiving adjuvant, or second-line, chemotherapy. Throughout a patient’s cancer treatment process, taste deficits from chemotherapy have been noted to decrease quality of life while increasing morbidity and mortality. Thus, this cohort study was initiated so that researchers could study this unintended consequence of chemotherapy treatment in breast cancer patients (Boltong etRead MoreNeovascular Age-Related Eye Disease Study1211 Words   |  5 Pageseffect of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (LCPUFA) on neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NV AMD) and central geographic atrophy (CGA) over a 12 year intake was studied through a prospective cohort study. The cohort was from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), whi ch is a large phase 3 clinical trial that has tested nutrient and vitamin supplement formulations as prevention methods for AMD. Categories of AMD and risk of progression were determined by the sizeRead MoreThe Applicability Of The Ib Risk Assessment Tool In Iran And EMR1483 Words   |  6 PagesICS is the first longitudinal population-based study, primarily designed to develop a CVD risk assessment tool (PARS) in Iran and EMR. ICS is being organized in three geographic areas with a large urban and rural population [14]. We developed the PARS as a new CVD risk prediction tool in Iran, in preparation for a major change in national policy by identifying the patients at high risk of CVD. Although Framingham prediction algorithms have been comprehensively used in the United States and otherRead MoreStudy Of Study On Cohort Study704 Words   |  3 Pages D.G., Davies, C.,Ward, H., Haboubi, N.Y. 2008 The study used cohort study Observational study: comparing sensitivity, specificity, negative, positive predictive values of screening tools in older population living in sheltered Background- Y Methodology: quantitative research Ethical Approval: Y Data Collection Statistical involvement and data collation such as surveying - All elderly living in warden controlled sheltered housing. Analysis: -tables are used to compare comparison of the accuracyRead MoreSmoking Cannabis Virtually Doubles the Risk of Developing Mental Illness such as Schizophrenia1066 Words   |  5 Pagesare often guilty of presenting studies in a way that leads to misinterpretation by the public. A recent BBC news article reads â€Å"Cannabis use ‘raises psychosis risk’ – Study† and the Daily Mail warns â€Å"Cannabis use ‘doubles risk of psychosis for teenagers†. Such headlines give the impression that there has been a clear causal relationship found between smoking cannabis and the development of mental illnesses (News, 2011; Hope, 2011). Kuepper et al. (2011), the study referred to above, reported thatRead MoreObesity : Childhood And Adolescence And Colorectal Cancer1235 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in Childhood/Adolescence Colorectal Cancer Not only have the links between obesity in adulthood and CRC been investigated, but recent studies have also discovered an association between overweight obesity during childhood/adolescence and an increased risk of CRC in later life. Research conducted by Levi et al. (2011) in a prospective cohort study on Jewish Israeli males aged between 16 19 years concluded that adolescents with a BMI classified as OW/OB had a 53% increased risk of developingRead MoreLink Between Autism And Vaccinations1357 Words   |  6 PagesE. Taylor, Amy L. Swedfeger, and Guy D. Eslick of the Whitley-Martin Research Centre in Sydney, Australia, performed a meta-analysis study using information retrieved from previous studies to prove or disprove the possible link between the vaccination and the development of the disorder in 2014. In the abstract, the authors state that their motive for completing the study was an attempt to bed the myth surrounding MMR vaccination due to the chance of resurgence of preventable diseases. They state

Essay The Passing on of Knowledge to Future Generations

From the dawn of time, education has been in existence in one form or another. Societies knew early on that to survive knowledge and experiences must be passed on to future generations. By passing on this knowledge people could take what others learned then build upon it. One such example is of the man that invented the wheel. He probably never imagined that his idea would later become the means to assist man to soar high in the sky with the fowls of the air. This miraculous feat might never have happened if he had not shared what he knew with others. Over time, the passing of knowledge became more organized and societies developed what is known today as the school. In the school, people of all ages are able to learn from the experiences†¦show more content†¦He continued even further by changing how the English language was both written and spoken (School, 2001). Webster not only embraced America for being different, but developed ways to express those differences to other nations. Our story continues with Thomas Jefferson who created a bill (Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge) that would allow all children three years of schooling without regards to the financial state of the family. This bill would also provide scholarships for a select few to help mold them into future leaders. However, this was met with resistance because tax money would fund the schooling and not everyone agreed that the nation, as a whole, should be picking up the tab. After encountering resistance towards free education, he claimed, â€Å"People have more feeling for canals and roads than for education.† (School, 2001). Building off of what Thomas Jefferson started; Horace Mann saw the need for even more change to the educational system. He traveled all over the state of Massachusetts visiting one thousand schools and reporting on their status. He found that there was no organization and very little, if any, supervision of what was being taught. He found school facilities in devastating conditions, a lack of suitable textbooks, and atmospheres inadequate to teach children properly (School, 2001). From his extensive reportsShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Education And Funding Over Public Education1568 Words   |  7 PagesOnce upon looking it has become clear that in U.S. itself does not practice the right. Having this knowledge made it clear that society needs education. The necessity of the right to education is the labour force is demanding for those to be educated by the post-secondary school system. Enable to enroll in post-secondary one must complete elementary and secondary education to have adequate knowledge to excel in the post secondary. Regarding the issue upon illegal immigrants who can be consideredRead MoreConquering the Generation Gap825 Words   |  3 Pagespresident, Franklin Roosevelt, once stated, â€Å"There is a mysterious cycle in human events. To some generations much is given. Of other generations much is expected.† As generations come and go like the tides, the ocean of differences between them becomes clearer. Older generations differ from t he current generation in their use of technology and their integration of educational methods. Older generations did not have the technological advancements and opportunities that are available now, nor did theyRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Who Influences Guy Montag1068 Words   |  5 Pagesfinally builds up his interest in wanting to know more about his secret books, he calls Faber for aid. With Faber’s knowledge, Guy is able to understand viewpoints from different authors and eventually escape the city after he is reported for having books. Alongside Clarisse, Faber is able to help Montag from being completely molded into an average city citizen who is isolated from the knowledge that books are, contrary to what the government believes, important. 2. There are three conflicts that ariseRead MoreThe Birth Of A Healthy Child964 Words   |  4 Pagesand their future generations. However, from the standpoint that this procedure could help prevent children from this life-threating disease and prevent daughters born with this mutated mitochondria from passing on to their own children, some scientists, government officials, and parents are backing the support of this procedure being passed by the governments of countries where similar practices are banned. When looking at both sides of the argument and some of the background knowledge on mitochondriaRead MoreKeeper N Me By Richard Wagamese1352 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Wagamese, is a novel based on the necessary balance between life and the culture in which one belongs to. This is a necessary aspect in order to maintain a steady relationship with one s self. In this novel passing on traditions or a certain way of life from generation to generation is one of the most important aspects of guiding someone of the Ojibway culture, as the Ojibway people have very strong beliefs and take their culture very seriously. The people of the Ojibway culture believe thatRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1698 Words   |  7 Pagesquilts bring out the issues in their relationship relating to heritage to their mama. Who was most appreciative for the quilts was who she was going to pass them down to, and that was Maggie. Her grandma had shown her how to knit on her own before passing away. The sisters bring out the meaning of heritage through their lifestyle decisions, personality traits, and relationships with different family members Family traditions and cultural legacies influence an Individual’s self-identity in multipleRead MoreEternal Knowledge is From God Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesKnowledge starts to increase from the day we are born and continues throughout our lives. It is never complete but is an ongoing process. We acquire knowledge through life experiences and also through education. There are some truths that are eternal and there are also some that are relative to different times and places. As a Christian, I believe that eternal knowledge is base on a divine power. God is the center of that ultimate truth and He is the same yesterday, today and forever. FromRead MoreUsing material from item A and elsewhere, asses the view that the education system exists mainly to select and prepare young people for their future work roles972 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom item A and elsewhere, asses the view that the education system exists mainly to select and prepare young people for their future work roles One way to select and prepare young people for their future work roles is by selecting and allocating pupils of education a role in society, as is mentioned in item A: â€Å"it also selects and allocates them to their future work roles† which means social inequality is legitimised because of the hierarchy of society – someone has to be on top and someoneRead MoreNot A Tertiary Trained Teacher981 Words   |  4 Pagesgiven the right motivation, they seem to be capable of almost anything. Passing down the passion is about passing down to the generation. Educationalists see in their leaners tiny reflections of themselves and educationalist are teaching their passion. There are many diverse kinds of Educationalists in the world and most educationalists have a passion. They recognize all the potential for greatness that lies in the generations. Therefore, educationalists desire to pass down what they know best -Read MoreBenefits of Expertise in the Medical Field1 368 Words   |  6 Pages Even without answers to several questions and medical problems, a doctor who develops these qualities will be more successful in the field of medical science, both concerning research and treatment of patients. Again, the difficulty of passing on this knowledge arises because it is impossible to directly teach these characteristics to students. Doctors can only encourage their students to develop these qualities, but the students dedication, patience, and deliberate practice are the only way to

John Proctor Free Essays

John Proctor BY charited7575 The famous philosopher Aristotle defines a tragic hero as â€Å"The change in the hero’s fortunes be not from misery to happiness, but on the contrary, from happiness to misery, and the cause of it must not lie in any depravity but in some great error on his part. † Arthur Miller constructs The Crucible to be a never ending tragic spiral leading to many peoples death which creates several by- products of destruction to everyone in the town of Salem. John Proctor can be labeled as one of the protagonist n the play as the story is partly centered on him. We will write a custom essay sample on John Proctor or any similar topic only for you Order Now He makes a clearly a suitable character for the tragic hero because he has an integrity stabbing flaw, he has to choose between his fate and his reputation, and as far as morals go, he is definitively better than the other characters in the play although there are many defects in his character. John Proctor is a prime representation ofa tragic hero. The quality of possessing and steadfastly adhering to high moral principles or professional standards is the definition of integrity and the definition of John Proctor. Proctor is very highly respected in the town of Salem due to his high principles shown. Unfortunately, as the tragic hero, he has done something that has severely damaged his high integrity. Proctor cheated on Elizabeth with Abigail. In a town as religiously influenced as Salem, this hurts Proctor’s reputation because committing adultery is against one of the Ten Commandments. Ironically, when asked to recite the Ten Commandments by Reverend Hale, he forgets about the commandment stating, mfou shall not commit adultery. John admits to having an affair with Abigail Williams in the court hearing in hope to prove her accusations false. When they call his wife out, Elizabeth, she is unaware that he has confessed as Danforth states, â€Å"Answer my question! Is your husband a leacher! † Elizabeth then faintly says â€Å"No, sir. † Doing so, she has doomed them both. Having an affair with Abigail Williams ultimately leads to John Proctor’s demise, thus proving him as the tragic hero. The great Athenian philosopher Socrates is very similar to John Proctor. Socrates was accused of corrupting the minds of the youth, which he did not necessarily do. Even when he was put on trial and faced with death, he kept his pride and stuck with the truth. He was then executed by drinking poison. John Proctor was accused of being a witch, which he was not. He also never lied to himself and stayed with what he knew was true. John Proctor is faced with the decision to either die and forever keep his integrity, reputation, and name, or live and forever lose all of them. Proctor eventually hooses to die as Hale states, â€Å"Man, you will hang! You cannot! † Proctor proceeds to say, â€Å"l can. And there’s your first marvel, that I can. You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. † His decision makes him a tragic hero because it was the honorable thing to do although it came to his death and his character flaw indirectly caused his death. Although part of being a tragic hero is having flaws, another part of it is being superior in some aspect of your character compared to the other characters. John Proctor’s morals are superior to the other characters. He never believes in anyone has been practicing witchcraft after the most of Salem is convinced. He also stood up to Parris in Act One as he says, † the last meeting I were at you spoke so long on deeds and mortgages I thought i were an auction. † Throughout the play Abigail tries to seduce John but he proves time and time again that he has learned from the mistake he made. Proctor also has the pride to keep his reputation which leads to his perish which almost all of the ther characters wouldn’t do. The crux of the matter is John Proctor is a true tragic hero which is proved throughout the play. He kept true to himself even in the face of death, he learned from his mistakes, and he has an immense amount of integrity that almost all of the characters fail to have within them. John is not perfect and the part of him that is imperfect ends up being the cause of his tragic death. Although the hero side of him shines throughout the story, the tragic side of him is always glaring behind him. How to cite John Proctor, Papers John Proctor Free Essays John Proctor is a local farmer who lives just outside of town. He is stern and harsh- tongued and hates hypocrisy. He initially was a sinful man who had an affair with Abigail. We will write a custom essay sample on John Proctor or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was dishonest to Elizabeth and he had been felt guilty. Elizabeth hadn’t forgiven him easily. He hesitated to expose Abigail as a fraud because he worried that his secret which was to having an affair would be revealed. Because of the affair he admitted he was a witch. He decided against the admission because it would dishonor him and stain not just his public reputation, but also his soul. In Act1, John Proctor displayed his guilt about having an affair with Abigail Williams, a young girl of seventeen. Proctor convinced himself he was a sinful man that had done wrong and to have respect for himself once again, he must break off the relationship with Abigail. When Abigail mentioned to Proctor the relationship she and he once had. He said to her, â€Å"No, no, Abby. That’s done with,† and, â€Å"Abby, you’ll put it out of mind. I’ll not be comin’ for you more. Even when Abigail tried to persuade Proctor to admit his love for her, he still denied it and claimed he had no love for her any longer. She said to him, â€Å"I know how you clutched my back behind your house and sweated like a stallion whenever I came near! Or did I dream that? † In all of Abigail’s persuasion to try to get him to admit his love for her, Proctor replied, â€Å"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time; but I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of your mind. We never touched, Abby. Proctor said to Abigail that they never touched was his way of trying to get through to her that the relationship between the both of them had to end here. In Proctor’s mind, saying to Abigail that was the end of their affair gave him the closure that he needed to truly forget what he and Abigail had. The affair between Proctor and Abigail also had made his love for Elizabeth grow stronger. The guilt of the affair made him realize how Elizabeth was a good woman and deserved more than a cheating husband and he refused to allow Abigail to speak about her. In Act2, when Proctor mentioned speaking to Abigail alone, Elizabeth questioned him about it and Proctor excuse for being alone with her. She said, â€Å"Do as you wish, then,† He felt hurt by Elizabeth’s suspicion and felt she judged him and that he did not have her forgiveness. He got angry with her and he said, â€Å"No more! I should have roared you down when first you told me your suspicion. But I witted, and like a Christian, I confessed. Confessed! Some dream I must have mistaken you for God that day. But you’re not, and let you remember it! Let you look sometimes for the goodness in me and judge me not! † that since Proctor felt he chose to confess to her rather than lie and deny her accusations. In Act4, Proctor said â€Å"I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is a fraud. I am not that man. My honesty is broke, Elizabeth; I am no good man. Nothing’s spoiled by giving them this lie that were not rotten long before. † Proctor felt that it would not be much sin to save his life by confessing a lie. Elizabeth said to Proctor, â€Å"Do what you will. But let none be your judge. There be no higher judge under Heaven that Proctor is! Forgive me, forgive me, John – I never knew such goodness in the world! † Elizabeth showed that she cared about Proctor but she wanted him to realize that it was his own decision to make whether to stay true to himself or not. She told him that he was the only one who could judge himself and decide whether he could live with himself after this lie. Proctor declared, â€Å"I want my life†¦ I will have my life. † then Proctor admitted to Parris and Danforth that he had seen the Devil and he had bound himself to his service. He felt empty. Proctor showed that he truly did not believe in signing the confession and the fact that he made him a deceitful person that was not true to oneself. Then he tore up the confession and boldly said, â€Å"I can. And there’s your first marvel, that I can. You have made you magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to wave a banner with, but enough to keep it from such dogs. † It is shown the Proctor is finally at peace with himself. How to cite John Proctor, Essay examples John Proctor Free Essays John proctor a persecuted puritan farmer, chooses to take a stand against the church and all the killing that they were doing. In 1692 Salem was an enclosed town where they were not accustomed to things of the outside. So when witchcraft was introduced to the town they took the opportunity to use the church as a source of government. We will write a custom essay sample on John Proctor or any similar topic only for you Order Now John Proctor does not bier in what the church believes since their beliefs are so tainted. He thinks people should worship in their own way not the way the church tries to get them to do. He says he worked for his own land and if it needs tending to on the sabbath then he shall most definitely tend to it. In the years that salem was established they had already left the rule of england but their roots in the country and all its beliefs were still pretty firm. So anything outside and different was shunned. This is where John Proctor is viewed as an outsider. He does not view the sabbath and does not go to church. When the whole town was having their little scare of witch craft john proctor in a view was being unfairly targeted. The Government in the town( mainly judge Danforth) were moor immersed in what it would look like then the truth. So they began sentencing innocent people to death. This gave the town hope that the church was doing everything right for them. In arthur millers time while he wrote the crucible the same thing was going on. The government was controlling the things people did with their lives and how they worked. In a sense this was a way for arthur miller to portray how as a country we have advanced technologically but our believes, even slightly skewered are forever unchanged. At the end when Proctor is sentenced to death and the court gives him an ultimatum. They offer him death or a contract that will be put on the doors of the church and nullify all the killing that has been going on in Salem. When he refuses to sign the contract he choses to pick death over agreement. This means that he chose his name and stood by his values over what society was based on and how their values where more than vaguely skewed. That is the point of the Crucible no? How a society can be so changed and so altered by its leaders to the point where they have no ideas of their own and do not think for themselves. A Distopia where perfection is what they try to achieve but imperfections is what is produced as they try to become something that is not real. The crucible gives insight to not only the belief of 1692 salem but to the government during 1945 and may as well give us insight on our government today. Arthur millers novel was moor than just a book about the past but an insight to a world that could be only based off of different values and mindsets. How to cite John Proctor, Papers John Proctor Free Essays John Proctor’s Development The Crucible, first published in 1953, is about the dramatization of the Salem witch trials that takes place in Massachusetts in 1692. In The Crucible, John Proctor is the most significant person that has most effect on the ending. Every decision he makes alter the outcome of the witch trial in Salem. We will write a custom essay sample on John Proctor or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the beginning, he seems reluctant to confess the truth, but in the end, he finally comes upfront and admits what he has done due to his desire of saving others. John can be compared to a crucible because he is like a vessel that when heated to extremely high temperatures, melts down and purifies owing to the fact that he has changed tremendously throughout the book. John Proctor seems to be self-centered and inconsiderate, but because of his guilt for causing all the persecutions, he becomes ingenuous and forthright. At the outset of the book, it is revealed that John Proctor, a man in his middle thirties, once had an affair with Abigail Williams, a girl age of seventeen, when Abigail says that, â€Å"I know how you clutched my back behind your house and sweated like a stallion whenever I come near! Or did I dream that? It’s she put me out, you cannot pretend it were you. I saw your face when she put me out, and you loved me then and you do now† (22). They not only had feelings for one another for a while but, they did more than that. According to the ten laws in Salem, one of the laws states that thou shall not commit adultery. Once Proctor realizes his immoral doings, he immediately stops his relationship with Abigail and refuses her every time she tries to get close to him. An example that clearly exemplifies this is when they are in Parris’s house, talking about what happened in the woods concerning last night. When Abigail and John are left alone inside the room, John says, â€Å"Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut off my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby† (23). This shows that Proctor has changed since at first he had an affair with Abigail but when she wants to prolong it, he stands up firmly and rejects her. As people are being arrested as a result of Abigail’s accusations, John knows that it is all a pretense. Nonetheless, he doesn’t have any eagerness to help the others that are affected due to his actions. An event that proves this is when Elizabeth encourages him to help the others. She says, â€Å"God forbid you keep that from the court, John. I think they must be told†¦You cannot keep it John† and he replies by saying, â€Å"I know I cannot keep it. I say I will think on it† (53). However, on the night his dear wife Elizabeth is arrested, he promises her that he will do anything in his power to free her and show everyone that Abigail is unscrupulous. He acknowledges that the only way to make others believe that Abigail is telling lies is to tell them about their affair. In the end, he goes to Judge Hathorne ad Deputy Governor Danforth and admits by saying, â€Å"In the proper place—where my beasts are bedded. On the last night of my joy, some eight months past. She used to serve me in my house, sir†¦She thinks to dance with me on my wife’s grave! And well she might, for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is promise in such sweat. But it is a whore’s vengeance, you must see it; I set myself entirely in your hands† (110). This demonstrates his want to come clean and confess what he had done wrong in the past in order to save his wife and those around him. After John tells the truth, Abigail denies it and acts as if she is a poor girl who is being treated unjustly by others even though she is doing a good deed. When Elizabeth is called forth to tell the real story, she lies in order to protect her husband’s name but, has no knowledge that he himself has confessed. As a result, the judges believe Abigail’s story and sends Proctor to jail. While he’s in jail, people, such as Hale, persuades him to confess even though they know that he will have to lie but, they think that if he confesses, at least he will not be hanged. Proctor wants to live, so he confesses. Danforth then gives him a paper to sign and after John signs it, Danforth demands that he must also go tell the truth to the public as well. However, Proctor says, â€Å"You are the high court, your word is good enough! Tell them I confessed myself; say Proctor broke his knees and wept like a woman; say what you will, but my name cannot—† (143). He doesn’t want to live without his name and tears the paper. As a result, he isn’t freed and is condemned to hang. This reveals at first, he wants to live so he lies, but when the judges want him to confess to the public, he rejects. Even though what he did cost him his life, he is able to have his goodness. John Proctor’s development has shown that he has truly become a good person and admits to all his actions. Throughout the book, he faces many obstacles which put him in a situation where he has no choice but to tell the truth. These obstacles allow him to make the right decisions and finally change. How to cite John Proctor, Papers

Research Methods and Processes

Question: Give Justification for choosing research methods and processes. Answer: For the research to develop a proper business plan for Arkar Restaurant, both primary and secondary research methods were used. From the literature, it was figured out that in past few years Myanmar has experienced several changes in their political environment which apparently affected their social preferences and likings. For most of the researches related to the business plan, secondary research can alone provide data on customer buying behavior and their food preferences (Soule et al. 2014). However, as the country is still developing in its major areas, the chances were high that with the change of atmosphere people now like things that they did not use to like before. Especially with the entry of European companies such as Starbucks, it is evident that buying behavior has changed. Therefore, relying on only secondary data could not help to collect present preferences of the customers. It could only show what the people of Myanmar used to like before. That was the reason a prima ry research was conducted to find out what the customers like now and what are their current buying behavior. However, secondary research method was used to gather information on what the customers used to like in order to find out any competitive advantage (Aral et al. 2013). For example, it is entirely possible that people of Myanmar used to like a type of coffee or food; however, after Starbucks entered the market and offered several new food products, that previous food product lost its attraction. This type of information is handy as Arkar can re-launch that product with innovation to attract the customers which will give them a significant competitive advantage. Besides, secondary research also helped to decide the target market of the country such as people of which age are more likely to spend more time in a coffee shop. Based on that, Aarkar could develop a proper marketing and advertisement strategy to build a brand value among those customers (Dawson 2014). During the pri mary research, a close ended questionnaire was developed with an aim to collect customer behavior such as how much they are currently spending on the food items and at what amount. This step was taken by the authority of Arkar so that they can suggest a proper pricing strategy for the foods that the restaurant will offer including coffees. However, primary and secondary researches were not the only areas that were explored in order to collect appropriate data. The observational research method was also used to gather data from information checklist (Guthrie 2012). Primary and secondary research methods helped to collect data regarding product efficiency and observational method was used to select a proper site for the restaurant. In order to carry out the observational research, it was noted that which part of the city is mostly populated and which part of the city includes those people who are said to be more frequent to spend time in coffee shops according to secondary research data. Based on this aspect, then it was decided that Burma will be the best place for the Authority of Arkar to start their business venture in Myanmar. Besides, observational research was also necessary to understand the behavior of the potential customers towards several advertisement strategies. For example, it was observational research th at helped to understand that internet connectivity is not frequent in the country; therefore, the authority of Arkar was suggested to focus on traditional advertisement strategies along with online advertising. Most important theories/literature sources Business market research is known as a healthy tool for collecting data that helps to determine whether a new product will satisfy the needs of the customers or not. As mentioned by Peng and Lai (2012), a proper market research will obtain valuable data on about the existing market competitors, economic shifts, demographics, present market trends and the buying behavior of the customers. As Arkar is going to launch a restaurant in a very uncertain market of Myanmar where the country is still undergoing the stages of development, it was highly critical to carry out primary researches and secondary researches to not only find out the current market trends but also to find out how the trend has changed over the past few years. Market research as said by Wahyuni (2012), has mainly two types of research, which are primary and secondary. Primary research is used to monitor the effectiveness of sales, existing business practices, and quality of services and tools that might be utilized for communication. Besides, it also helps to assess the current market competition by finding out the business plans of the rival organizations. That is the reason that in this business plan primary research was conducted to identify the strategies used by existing restaurants. On the other hand, Lawrence et al. (2013) mentioned that secondary research helps to collect already published data to develop a database of an organization that can help to conduct situation analysis. It defines a strategy for benchmarking and helps to determine the market segments that an organization must target. With the help of secondary data, Arkar could understand the potential customer base and could target who they should target for their promoti onal strategies. The importance of market research for a new business organization is defined in three parts as mentioned by Rodriguez et al. (2012). A market research, most importantly guarantees the success of future market campaigns which in turn increases the number of sales. It provides cherished information about the potential or particular market segment, during a specific amount of time within a particular age group. Secondly, it can also help to track and monitor the competitors by studying their existing and past strategies. If Arkar can understand the market strategies of Starbucks taken to allure the customers of Myanmar, then they will also be able to take proper measurements that would keep them ahead of their future business rival. Last but not the least, market research can also be considered as a useful tool that helps to minimize the chances of loss to a great extent. Both from primary and secondary researches management of Arkar restaurant now knows the potential problem they might face in the future; therefore, they can determine the solutions even after beginning the business. The observational research method was also used alongside primary and secondary research as to find out a proper location for the restaurant was impossible to decide from questionnaires and interviews. By doing observational research, it is now found that how people actually act rather than what they say they do. Besides, another reason for including this research method in the business plan was facilitated by the views of (Ho and Chua 2015), who said that most of the people are not always willing to write their true views on a questionnaire or a stranger what they really think of interview. Key areas of knowledge have gained from undertaking the research After completing the research in order to develop a business plan of Arkar Restaurant, the most important part was learned about the current political condition of Myanmar. According to Kyi (2014), political factors are the most influential factor that can cause either positive effects or adverse effects on a business organization. It also determines if the organization will gain success or not. Currently, the political condition of Myanmar is utterly unstable; however, peace talks are going on between the Government and rebels. However, the situation is critical as no one knows what will be the results of this peace talk and what new policies will be introduced after this peace talk. The chances are high that new policies might affect the business organization and will bind them within a limitation. Restaurants that already exist in the market are capable enough to deal with any upcoming policy as they have gained customer loyalty and enough financial strength to make changes in the ir organizational structure (Belton et al. 2015). Therefore, Arkar will face difficulties as it would be tough for them to bring any changes in their business plan within few months of launching the business. Besides, the research also helped to figure out another drawback of the country related to their banking sector which is still considered as an under developing sector. Therefore, any transaction through the local banks will take more time than usual which might also affect the business proceedings of the organization. High corruption in every field of the country will force Arkar to keep their eyes wide open for any chances of fraud and fake commitments done by the suppliers and other stakeholders. However, the study also shed light on a major positive factor that is the buying behavior of the Myanmar people. From the primary research, it is seen that a huge amount people are currently spending more than 500 Kyat on their breakfast. The result is also nearly same for lunch and supper. However, this buying behavior changes according to the time of the day. During the morning period, most of the people like to take their breakfast in a restaurant that is near to their homes. The scenario changes during the time of lunch as that time people are forced to select a restaurant near to their workplaces. Again during the supper time people love to spend time in restaurants near to their homes. Therefore, it can be said that Arkar must select a location that is in the middle of a populated city in order to gain a real presence of the customers in the morning and the night. The most important aspects and examples of learning During the research, communication with the people was the main thing that I learned. It is never easy to communicate with individuals who belong from a different background, culture and speak the entirely different language. While doing the research, I had to conduct a primary research with the people of Burma in order to obtain valuable data for the Arkar Restaurant. Most of the time people were not ready to participate in the survey process as the current unstable political environment injected a sense of disbelieving among them. That is the reason during the research I faced challenges to gather information. However, slowly but steadily I adapted the skills and abilities to convince people to take part in the research. According to Mitchell et al. (2013), convincing skills are one of the most important ability for a student who will be seeking a job in the marketing sector. Therefore, I can admit that this research has blessed me to learn the basics of convincing skills. Communication was not the only skill that I learned as during the research I also learned to use observational research method in a positive manner. In spite of having some advantages, this research method also includes some disadvantages such as problems of past cannot be studied through observational research, attitudes cannot be measured with the help of observation, complete answer to an issue cannot be figured out using observational method and sampling cannot be brought into use during this research method. However, as the research demanded the use of observational research, I learned how to use the method correctly by minimizing the disadvantages. In ever tried to obtain sampling from the observational method; however, I compared it with the data collected from the primary research method (Ross et al. 2016). When both methods showed that during the breakfast people are more likely to go to a restaurant near to their house, I came to a decision that this is the correct data. Another thing I learned during the research is to use three research methods such as primary research method, secondary research method and observational research method altogether. While doing the study, the existing literature from past researches were not enough to propose a business plan for Arkar as the recent data reflected the customer behavior of the country during that time. I found out that the current condition of the country is very much different from the past, therefore, I decided that secondary data will not be relevant totally. Therefore, I used primary research method (Torres and Sidorova 2015). The observational method was used to compare it with primary data and to figure out whether the answers of the participants were honest or not. This was a supreme experience to combine three types of research methods in one research to determine best possible data. The most important discovery or piece of evidence, or theory, or viewpoint, or critical idea, or significant addition Most of the Asian countries are undergoing serious evolution in their political and social areas. While doing so, those countries are getting the full support of their political leaders. However, doing this research in Myanmar I experienced a different scenario where the political leaders are still very much corrupt and creating a barrier for the country. Another thing that I discovered through this research is the Government's rules and regulations that are not supportive of the foreign organization (Zink 2012). Especially for the British organizations, it is very tough to start their business in Myanmar. On the other hand, a huge change is seen among the people of the country as their buying and spending behavior for the food products is changing drastically. From the primary research that was done using the questionnaire survey method, it is found that most of the people of Myanmar are spending a handful amount of money in the restaurants. After collecting data from 81 participants, it is seen that almost 31% people are paying more than 500 Kyat daily while spending their time in restaurants. Being an underdeveloped country, this data was quite unexpected. Besides, another interesting thing that was discovered was the current condition of the local banks (Wiek and Lang 2016). An organization that is planning to spread their business in a foreign country entirely depends on the local banks of that country. The banking sector of Myanmar is not only underdeveloped but also operates manually. This consumes not only extra time for the transactions but also possesses several risks. The most important thing that was discovered during the study was the country's present condition related to its internet availability. Nowadays, The Internet is not only just a bridge of communication among the people but also a great tool for the business organizations to implement their marketing strategy. Business organizations are mostly spending money on their online advertisements and communications to build a connection with their existing customers and potential customers. Therefore, the rate of spending money for traditional advertisements such as newspaper advertisement is slowly losing their grip (Roberts 2013). This process helped the companies, as internet advertisement is less cost effective than any other traditional advertisement sources. In Myanmar, the internet connection is still not up to the mark and outside the urban areas; the connectivity is more than poor. Therefore, Arkar will have to adopt the hard way of implementing advertisement strategies via tradition al strategies, which will increase their overall cost. The main difficulties and barriers (1) Undertaking the research The biggest problem was faced while undertaking the research was the cultural gap between the people and the present political condition (Kubo 2013). The political condition of the country is unstable and no one knows what policies and regulation will come out of the current peace talk that is going on between the Government and the rebels. Therefore, it was quite difficult to convince people to take part in the survey method. Most of the people did not want to participate in something that was coming from an unknown person from another country. Therefore, it took the time to convince 81 people to take part in the survey method. However, the chances were high that the participants were playing safe and did not reveal their comments honestly. On the other hand, the cultural gap was another problem as people of Myanmar belong from a different background. That is why communicating with them in a friendly manner was not an easy task to do. Another problem was faced while combining the da ta collected from primary research, secondary research and observational research. According to the condition of the country, it was decided that doing these three types of research is the only way to figure out accurate and proper data. However, it was quite difficult to measure these data and to find a similarity between them. (2) Completing your Major Project While completing this project, as already mentioned the main problem was the current political environment of the country. While doing the research, it was important to collect data about the existing restaurants and their marketing strategy. I strongly believe that as a result of unsupportive atmosphere in the country, it was not possible to collect a good amount of data about those restaurants. Besides, in most of the places as a result of limited access, it was not feasible to venture freely. That is the only reason that I was unable to conduct interviews with some of the managers of the other organizations. The observational research method was used as conducting interviews was impossible. The main problem of following observational research method was its uncertain process of observing. Therefore, it is quite hard to declare that all the data collected by the observational method was accurate and relevant. However, most of the data collected by observational method were justifie d by the data that was collected by the primary research method (Roulston 2014). However, the chances are also high that the participants did not reveal actual thinking, as they could not trust an outsider. The most important business and/or management skill(s) or academic idea(s) or lesson(s) learned from undertaking the research and Major Project. While carrying out research, some of the major management skills that were learned are communication and interpersonal skills, ethical or spiritual orientation, skill to manage change, ability to motivate and problem solving skills. Communication and interpersonal skills are one of the most demanded skills in any business organization that helps an employee to successfully negotiate with the customers and clients (Teichler 2014). Doing primary research using the survey questionnaire was quite challenging in Myanmar, as their language is very difficult. Therefore, I had to learn their way of talking by adapting some of the major ice breaking works such as k'amy ne-kan-l? which means, Hello, how are you? Ethical orientation was another factor that was learned while doing this research. In most of the times, the situation pushed me to collect data by unethical manner. However, I helped myself to take out all the unethical factors and adapt only ethical factors while doing the research. As I already mentioned that most of the people were not ready to conduct this survey as the they did not want to trust a person from another country. In this situation, I always revealed the actual reason for doing this research is an ethical way without using any lies or distractions. Besides, the data that I collected was kept safe and I did not share it with any other person in any situation. Skills to manage change and to motivate the participants were linked to each other. The condition of the country regarding language, culture, lifestyle was entirely different from any other European country, therefore, at first I was having a problem while communicating with the people of Myanmar. However, slowly but steadily I adapted their way of talking and their style of living in order to blend with their culture. Adapting these factors helped me to motivate the people of Myanmar to take part in the survey in an ethical manner. Once I learned their ways of behaving and talking, I could gently force them to take the survey for their own good while staying the boundaries of ethics. The objectives of the major project are achieved. The objective of this project was to build a proper business plan for the Arkar restaurant that is going to open their restaurant in Myanmar. The aim of the research was to evaluate all the aspects of the country and to find out what would be the best strategy for Arkar restaurant that they can implement in Myanmar in order to attract potential customers. For example, from the research, it is revealed that the organization will have to focus more on traditional advertisement strategies rather than entirely depending on online marketing and advertisement strategies. This research was also conducted to understand the buying behavior of the customers. For example, whether the people of Myanmar are spending ample money in the restaurants or not. If they are spending then what are the most popular food products and what is the most productive hour of the day. By doing this research almost, all the answers were found such as people of Myanmar are frequently spending money in the restaurant s and the most productive hour of the day are during the breakfast time and supper time. It is also found that most of the people like to spend time in a restaurant that is near to their house during the time of breakfast and the scenario remains same during the time of supper. However, the situation changes during the time lunch when the people like to spend their time in restaurants that are near to their workplaces. Therefore, it can be easily said that for Arkar it would be better if they build their restaurant in a highly populated city. Based on this information, this research was also able to suggest a finance plan and an action plan for Arkar, which would help them to correctly implement all these strategies. Besides, Arkar is not about just sitting and enjoying food inside the restaurant. The authority also allows the consumers to take away their foods. The research also supported this plan of their by showing that an enormous amount of people likes to take their breakfast and lunch in their houses. However, it is also true that in some cases the research was unable to shed light. As a result of unstable political environment, it was impossible to conduct interviews with the managers of other organizations in order to find out their strategies and methods by which they acquired the attraction of the customers. On the other hand, observational research method was also adopted in order to minimize the gap that was created by the absence of interview method. However, as the observational method is only subjective, it is possible that the data collected will not be relevant and pure. Usefulness of the findings, recommendations, conclusions, or outcomes of the Major Project Most of the data acquired by the research are useful for the authority of Arkar including the recommendations and conclusion. Going out of the current trend of investing high in the online advertisement and marketing methods, it is recommended that Arkar must invest highly on traditional advertisements methods such as newspaper advertisement, advertisements through magazines, televisions and banners. This recommended was made only after finding out that, the internet is not frequently used in all parts of the country. Therefore, this recommendation was obviously useful for the organization. On the other hand, it is also recommended that the organization must select a location near a residential area. Most of the restaurants and coffee shops are currently trying to select the location that would be near to a corporate zone as they want to target the employees of that corporate sector. However, after this research, the recommendation is totally justified as primary research data shows most of the people of the country loves to spend time in the restaurants that are near to their homes during the time of breakfast and dinner. Only during the time of lunch, people go to the restaurants near to their offices. Therefore, it would be better if Arkar targets the people that are committed to restaurant foods for two times a day rather than targeting the people who only likes to go to restaurants only during the time of lunch. Another recommendation was made that was to share hands with a licensee before starting their venture in the country. As a result of a current political co ndition in the country, the organization must not believe any other existing organization in the country as the rate of corruption is very high in the country. The chances are there that in future Arkar might face problems due to their partnership with any other local organization. That is why it was recommended that they could only borrow a license from a licensee and rest of the work they can do themselves. Based on the recommended strategies and methods a financial plan was also supported for Arkar Restaurant, which is also useful to decide how much starting money they need to start their venture in Myanmar. However, as most of the research was done using observational research method, some of the data might be irrelevant and not up to the mark. That is why a recommendation for future research is also proposed which should be done after the political condition of the country becomes stable. Until then, Arkar should not completely use all the resources and must not commit entirely . References Aral, S., Dellarocas, C. and Godes, D., 2013. Introduction to the special issue-social media and business transformation: A framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), pp.3-13. 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Is There A Timeless Wisdom To Neorealism Politics Essay

Is There A Timeless Wisdom To Neorealism Politics Essay Neo-realism is the starting point of international politics analysis and the basis of construction for the variant posterior theories. However, nowadays the emergence of new challenges against the neorealist thought lead to the partial marginalisation of the theory. This essay attempts to demonstrate that neo-realisms wisdom, is diachronic and its main arguments can be proved over the time, considering the past and contemporary international system. To prove my argument, I will mainly focus on the theoretical analysis given by the two most significant representatives of neo-realism, Waltz and Mearsheimer. Firstly, I will examine neorealisms fundamental assumptions regarding its interpretation of structure, power and alternations of war and peace, with a parallel evaluation of them. Throughout this process I will mention relevant examples taken from the past and recent history. Secondly, I will discuss the controversial criticisms made against the theory with a coincidently judgment o f them. Finally, in the conclusion I will argue that instead of the recent decline, neo-realisms depictions continue to be and always will remain a timeless wisdom for evaluating the International Relations. Neo-realisms worldview about structures and alternations of war Neo-realist theory comes to the front of politics debates before the beginning of Second Cold War, as a reaction to the new challenges of globalisation, as a resurrection of states role over the system and to restate the significance of bipolarity and systemic constraints in international politics (Burchill 2009: 87). To begin with, we should consider the neo-realist main theoretical arguments to form a clear view about the continuity of the theory until the present. Waltz was the first who dedicated the autonomy of international politics, as a separate field, apart from domestic politics, in his attempt to introduce the scientific rigour to the study of politics (Waltz 1990: 27-28; Burchill 2009: 88). Waltz suggests that the system is formed by structural and unit levels (Waltz 1990: 29). Therefore, he makes a distinction between external and internal factors that affect the international system (Waltz 1990: 27-28) and he proposed the so-called systemic theory as a key to explain the behaviour of the states in the international system (Keohane 1986: 13). Waltzs theory can be valuable for predictions (Burchill 2009: 89). According to him, there is a defined structural continuity over the time situated in the anarchical condition of the international system (J.G. Ruggie 1986: 134). The variety of the units structures, secures a disproportion in their policy outcomes. Hence, similarities in political structures between states sound similarities in their political effects (Waltz 1986: 81). Internationally, the anarchy is the superior law that rules the universe and produces the perpetual willing of survival and power between them (Waltz 1986: 70-97). Though states are characterised by variety domestically, their foreign policy has an exceptional analogy: international political systems stand in relations of coordinationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦No one is entitled to command and none is required to obey (Waltz 1986: 81). States concede an existence of some systemic constraints (commanded by the situation of anarchy) between them, which determinatively affect the relations and impose the game of diplomacy and survival. States reconcile their interests and goals looking to their neighbours (Burchill 2009: 90; Waltz 1986: 70-97). As a result, the structure of the international system is defined by the position each state possess in the whole world ordering (Waltz 1986: 72). Waltz analyzes his ambitious political structure concept reliant on three necessary calculations, in his attempt to distinguish the domestic politics from the international (J.G. Ruggie 1986: 134). The ordering principle of anarchy In international politics, the existence of anarchy indirectly demands from its members to take part in a process of a continuous competition, an informal battle. The international system is formed by self-regarded autonomous units. There is no centralised authority upon them to ensure their integrity, so each unit has the right to fashion its foreign policy and fight for its survival. Waltz states, that the balancing of power must be the ultimate aim of all states (Waltz 1986: 81-93, 99-115; J.G Ruggie 1986: 134-135; Mearsheimer, 2007: 72-75; Burchill 2009: 91-92) At the same time, from the side of offensive realists, Mearsheimer, an equally significant representative of the neo-realism theory, further argues that states are always preparing to confront gainfully a future possible attack or even to gain the opportunity to be a powerful hegemony. Thus, there is no other path except for the pursuit of power in a self-help world. (Mearsheimer 2007: 72-75). Each country sets its own aims and goals which are always depend upon their capabilities. There is no night-watchman who can command powerful states such as United States, so they continue to have the priority among the others. (Mearsheimer 2007: 72-75; Waltz 1986: 81-93, 99-115). Even an international organization such as the United Nations has no influence upon its most powerful members. Indicative is the case of the war against Iraq. Even though the Security Council did not approve the war, the US disregarded the decision and invaded Iraq (Mearsheimer 2006: 699; Weiss Kalbacher, 2008: 332). Furthermore in Europe regional institutions such as NATO and European Union do not have the ability to enforce their member states to go against their strategic interests (Mearsheimer 2006: 699-700). The intentions and the character of a state This assumption allows for the fact that no one state always acts exclusively to ensure its survivalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦States are free individuals who often make decisions under the heavy pressure of events (Waltz, 1986: 85). Simplifying this statement, neo-realism argues that we cant just trust that a culture or a democratic regime or the peaceful history or a status-quo character of a country or ideology can guarantee the deterrence of a war. The intentions of a country are not always certain (Waltz, 1986: 87-92, 99). Viewing the past, many traditionally peaceful states have changed their pure intentions into aggressive war strategies. This becomes worse if we account that every state has the military capability to do this. This is evident in the United States policy. Does any from the above reasons dissuaded Americans from declaring war against Iraq? The answer is no. This necessity imposed by the anarchy, began an endless game of power between the states. This competition actually is inevitable because no one can predict and be sure about the further intentions of a state. Of course the interests of statesmen are not always predictable as well. In the case of Germany for example, if the world knew from the beginning that Hitlers ambitious plans, was to make his country an empire and a great power all over the world, I am sure that a big number of countries would have changed their foreign policy radically (Mearsheimer 2007: 72-75; Waltz 1986: 81-93, 99-115). And Mearsheimers point completes the meaning: In anarchic systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦states that want to survive have little choice but to assume the worst about the intentions of other states and to compete for power with them. This is the tragedy of great power politics (Mearsheimer 2007: 75). The distribution of capabilities among the states The distribution of capabilities among the states also helps to define the structure of the international system. As Waltz argues, states are differently placed by their power. The units of the anarchic system distinguished by their greater or lesser capabilities for performing similar tasks (Waltz, 1986: 92-93). Although states seek to ensure their survival in the political order, they dont have equal capabilities (Waltz, 1986: 101). A states capability of possessing military power for instance, can strike the fear in its competitors and the necessity of having an equally powerful military force. Consequently, neo-realists divide the states as great and small powers according to their place in the global system. (Burchill, 2009: 92) A vivid illustration is the United States. As Mearsheimer states, no country in Western Hemisphere would dare to strike the USA, because it is so powerful relative to its neighbours (Mearsheimer, 2007: 74; Waltz, 1986: 92-93, 99-115). We can illustrate the diachronic value of neo-realism, by looking at the past behaviour of certain states. On the twentieth century Imperial Germany, Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan have all tried to establish their hegemony by conducting great wars, but they failed (Mearsheimer, 2007: 77). In addition, Mearsheimer interestingly examines the case of China, which is parallel with Germanys past behaviour. While USA had established its regional hegemony in the twentieth century, the gradual growth of Chinas power over Asia frustrated United States and Chinas neighbours. How the world will react on Chinas challenge? Will China balance its power with the other great powers or will it assert the hegemony as a new Germany? Surely, the great powers will not just stand by and watch to their concrete position in the world being lost and consequently they will try to chain Chinas increased development. So, no one is to guarantee that Chinas rise will be peaceful (Mearsheimer 2007: 82-86). Chang es like this in power distribution may cause a future war (Mearsheimer 2007: 78). A growing power always light the suspicions of the dominant powers and the dominant state knowing its days at the pinnacle of power are numbered, has strong incentives to launch a preventive war against the challenger to halt its rise (Mearsheimer 2007: 82). Germany for instance, seeing the threatening rise of the Soviet Union in the 90s launched preventive wars in 1914 and 1939 correspondingly, to maintain its power in Europe. Furthermore, nowadays we can see Chinas rise as a similar case, since as I have already mentioned before, its significant growth keeps United States and its neighbours in a constant lookout (Mearsheimer 2007: 78-82). A controversial matter which neo-realism also tries to identify, is how many great powers are enough to rule the world (Mearsheimer 2007: 75). The most significant representatives of neo-realism, Mearsheimer and Waltz, converge in their analysis about the ideal polarity system and on how dangerous the unipolar system is. Both point out that the end of bipolarity between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 90s and the latter unipolarity of United States is the single most dramatic change in contemporary world politics. The theorists who claim that bipolar systems are less war-prone than unipolar, rely on the distribution of capabilities theory (Burchill 2009: 97-98). Waltz proposes that with the end of bipolarity, the distribution of capabilities among states has become lopsided and the growing inequality between states would undermine the peace (Waltz, 2000: 7). As a result of Americas dominance over the world, other states would attempt to balance against it or reach its p ower. Moreover, United States would probably feel militarily secure to impose its domination to other regions and try to reorder their polity, as in the case of Iraq and Afghanistan (Burchill 2009: 80). Critics and challenges against neo-realism The importance of neo-realism has been widely recognized as the primary school that established the international politics as autonomous field in politics (Keohane 1986: 16). However, the theoretical exhibition of neorealists approaches in the 90s was and continues to be the reason of the countless divergences between the critics, who mainly judge Waltzs theories and propose new ways on viewing international relations. Some of them criticized Waltzs theory for its omissions. Ruggie, for example, provides his institutional transformation concept (Keohane 1986: 17), an attempt to prove that Waltzs political concept was substantively mistaken (Ruggie, 1986: 152), because he didnt account structures property relations changes, such as dynamic density variations (Keohane, 1986:17, Walt, 1990: 28). Keohane, also discusses the weakness of Waltzs theory to include further explanatory elements of the internationals system structure, like economic interdependence, international institutions and the information richness (Keohane, 1986: 18). They both believe that Waltzs theory should paid more attention to aspects of world politics that ignores (Keohane 1986: 24). Waltzs response, is that these elements, even though are important, cannot be a part of a states theory because they are matters of practical interest and cannot alone write a theory. In contrast the positional picture of a state should stay the main explanation key for states relations because simply the anarchy rules the whole. States are positioned in a self-help world where there is a perpetual game of survival. Moreover, as Waltz argues, theories are useful for understanding and explaining and are not necessarily guides for application (Waltz 1986: 329-330; Waltz, 1990: 28-29). Therefore, critics of neorealist theory fail to understand that theory is not a statement about everything that is important in international political life, but rather a necessarily slender explanatory construct (Waltz, 1990: 30). Other critics underestimate the conservative character of Waltzs theory. They support that, Waltz presents structures as given political fixtures and the international system as a cyclical pattern (Burchill, 2009: 93-94). As a result, Cox argues, neo-realism legitimizes the status-quo, which favours the great powers and establishes a permanent disability of weak states for positional change (Burchill, 2009: 94). In other words, the prospects for alternative expressions of political community are limited (Linklater 1995: 258-9; Burchill 2009: 99). But Waltz identifies that Coxs accusations are based on the fact that he overstates the states role as units in the international system and thereby make them static (Waltz 1986: 338). Other theoretical perspectives have also emerged as a response to neorealist thought, and challenged neorealist. An example of those theories is liberalism. With childish naivety these theories strongly support the ideas of a big economic community co-operation, pacification and globalisation. In other words, neo-liberalists put the importance of ruling the world peace, not in the military capabilities like neo-realists, but on economic factors. Neo-liberalists argue that the new challenges of globalisation, the technological evolution and the appearance of non-state actors, have established a borderless world where states have now a very low profile (Burchill 2009: 95-97). Doyle suggests that because the unit-members of a liberal democracy have pounded continuously from violence and wars as a product of the anarchic system, now they have reduced their aggressive incentives and they are ready to co-operate with each other in the name of peace (Doyle 1986: 1151-1169). But, these hopes for a peaceful world in terms of economic globalisation and democracy were shattered in the wake of September 11 and neo-realism has made a stunning comeback in the realm of international relations (Mearsheimer 2007: 86). (Besides, I dont believe that Cyprus could ever be as equal as United Kingdom politically or economically nor as able as it to pretend rights on the international foreground. This cant be accomplished because, states are rational actors. The higher amount of power each state has, the higher security will enjoy (Mearsheimer, 2007: 74). ) Furthermore, neo-liberalists havent consider countries such as Africa which are unaffected by globalisation and consequently have little opportunity to take part in this community (Burchill 2009: 95-97). In addition, Krasner claims that, not all the constituent parts of a nation-states sovereignty are equally vulnerable to globalisation and the transnational corporations are not as global as first thought. Despite their popular image, they remain largely anchored at home (Krasner 1999). Burchill concludes that, the distribution of capabilities will always remain the primary key for understanding politics because the economic interdependence of the last century failed to prevent the First World War and some conflicts among this alleged economical community of the world, like the break-up of Yugoslavia. Nuclear weapons and the possession military power will always have the greatest importance in International Relations (Waltz 2000: 4-7; Burchill 2009: 95-97). Waltz further accounts, that a state will never diminish its self-interests for the sake of international order (Burchill, 2009: 93). This will happen because the states constantly looking for opportunities to gain advantage over each other, with the ultimate prize being a hegemony (Mearsheimer, 2007: 77). Conclusion This essay has argued that neorealisms main assumptions could constitute a diachronic guide book for states and statesmen. One claim made about neo-realism, is that neo-realism died with the end of Cold War, because the new challenge of globalisation guarantees the world peace in terms of cooperation, liberalisation and paralyzes the role of states. Another suggests that neo-realism is old-fashioned because now the idea of democracy and the subordination on laws recommendations overflow into the world. However, there are strong evidence that the neo-realists view of politics will always remain a fundamental and essential key to explain world affairs and states behaviours (Burchill, 2009: 86). Firstly, the units function in an anarchic international system. Domestically, the variety of the units still leads to differently potential outcomes and interests. Internationally, states still seek to maximize their power or balancing each other to survive. Secondly, states always fear for possible attacks and therefore try to acquire as much power as possible in order to ensure their security. The inequality of capabilities gives a state the opportunity to be a threat against others or even to assert the hegemony. There is no one above states to safeguard their integrity and so states are never certain if other states intentions are aggressive or defensive. Associatively, the military and security power still remain the main concern for international politics with economic factors coming second. Thirdly, neorealists views on what causes war, seems that are still well-timed. A change in the distribution of capabilities can light the suspicions and launch a preventative war. In terms of polarity, states struggle to gain the label of a great power and thereby to succeed their interests. As a result, even more states have the right and the opportunity to participate in this game of power which it may cause a war. Those reasons, as neo-realism dictates, somehow coerce states to march each other temporally to keep a balanced peace or to cause a likely war. Therefore, though the theoretical line of neo-realism is fashioned on the past, it can also apply to the present and the continuity of the theory can be detected in neorealists approaches over the years. The world remains a dangerous placeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦States still worry about their survival, which means that they have little choice but to pay attention to the balance of power. International politics is still synonymous with power politics, as it has been for all of recorded history (Mearsheimer, 2007: 86).

Harmartias in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Harmartias in Julius Caesar Throughout the play of "Julius Caesar" Brutus makes many mistakes or harmartias, which eventually lead to his tragic downfall. Although Brutus makes many harmartias I feel that these three are the most important. The largest harmartia that Brutus makes is listening to Cassius, in the beginning. Another harmartia Brutus makes is deciding not to kill Antony. Brutus also makes the mistake of meeting Antony's army in Philippi instead of waiting at the camp. These three harmartias of Brutus will be greater explained in the next three paragraphs. Brutus made a large harmartia listening to Cassius' speak about assassinating Caesar. Brutus is very naive and because Cassius is clever he can make Brutus agree with him. Cassius himself even says, "If I were Brutus now, and he were Cassius, He should not humour me." (Shakespeare Act 1, Scene 2, Lines 314-315). If Brutus did not listen to Cassius, he wouldn't have joined the conspiracy, and Brutus' tragedy would have never happened. This is why Brutus should have never listened to Cassius' conspiracy plan. A large harmartia that Brutus made was not killing Antony. Brutus says, " For Antony is but a limb of Caesar." (Shakespeare Act 2, Scene 1, Line 165). . Brutus feels that Antony would not be able to do anything without Caesar, and would probably commit suicide. Cassius thinks that Antony should be killed, but does not argue with Brutus. Antony ends up being even stronger without Caesar and is a tyrant ruler in a triumvirate. Antony and his army are the reason why Brutus kills himself. If Brutus did kill Antony he would probably of lived and been a ruler Rome. Another harmartia that Brutus made was meeting the armies of Antony and Octavius in Philippi instead of having them come closer to the camp. Once again Cassius thinks differently than Brutus. Cassius says, "'Tis better that the enemy seek us; So shall he waste his means, weary his soldiers, Doing himself offence; whilst we, lying still, Are full of rest, defence, and nimbleness." (Shakespeare Act 4, Scene 3, Line 198-201). Brutus thinks that they should meet at Philippi because the enemy armies will grow on the way to the camp.

Similar to the manner

May 31, 1988, the day I was born. The significance of my birth was that I was born while my mother had her final exams in college! It was a terrible situation for her at that time and it was difficult to juggle studies with family but she kept struggling until her graduation! Really, it was a great accomplishment that I have yet to show her proper gratitude for and when I was born, my grandfather had the priority to name me and he selected my name because it is the same name of his mother! May 31, 1988 was not simply the day that I was born but it was so much more. My coming into the world could not have been foreboded in a better manner.Never was a birth into this world received with so much fanfare and celebrity. In fact, how many can claim that on the day they were born the earth shook and trembled? Seriously, however, Darwin, Australia, was shook by an earthquake that registered a 7 on the Richter scale. There were so many events that transpired on the day that I was born. While my birthday was not exactly featured on any major newspaper and neither did it grace the headlines of any tabloid (gratefully so), it did not mean that it was an uneventful day otherwise. In Brazil, the government made a major decision to revitalize the local economy by instituting fiscal reforms.Similar to the manner by which my parents were forced to make monetary adjustments to compensate for my arrival into this world and the horde of resources they would need to support me, Brazil too was forced to brace for the coming of financially challenging times and notches of belt tightening. In other parts of the world, my birthday was celebrated with the appointment of an Australian to the Secretariat of State of the Vatican. Though I would certainly like to claim that there were no misfortunes that occurred on the day that I was born I have to, perhaps, take the good with the bad or see things in a different light.Other people say that a man died the day that I was born but, on a pers onal level, the maxim out with the old and in with the new comes to mind. It was unfortunate that a man died when his boat capsized but then again I have somewhat believed in the circle of life and perhaps his passing had made way for my entrance into this world. Speculation aside, I am sure that the day that I was born will always be either a day of farewells or a day of greetings and salutations. Far from it for me to claim that the only newsworthy events that transpired on my birthday.In fact, there were other events that are indeed quite fitting to mark this occasion were the introduction of a new swimwear line made by known fashion designers. This was a line that decided to be risque and daring, much like the life I was destined to lead. It also marked a major landmark for sports news casting because CBS announced that it was expanding its roster of announcers and looking for black announcers. CBS was taking a step forward in race relations and breaking down established cultura l barriers by making that announcement.I could perhaps claim that my birthday was a day that boundaries in fashion and culture were broken. Finally, what would my birthday be like it consumerism was not celebrated and heralded at its finest for my birthday was the same day that Coach decided to launch its new model bag that would become the hippest bag in the United States that summer. Retailing for what at that time was already a huge sum of money, the new Coach bag with a tag price of US $138 as well as the Corum Admiral Watch at US $6,900 would be the perfect way to signal my arrival into this world.Exposed to expensive and soft leather, as well as courted by the bright reflections dancing on pieces of shining jewelry, this is the way I intend to lead my life. As I read the events that transpired on my date of birth, I am struck by a realization that makes me smile. While I am aware that the event of my birth will probably not be as well remembered by others, the annals of histor y will always show that something happened that day. It may not be my birth that people will remember but it whatever memory people will have will always occur on the birth date.