Free trade and mercantilist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Free trade and mercantilist - Essay Example So, while free trade is beneficent in its purest form, modern policymakers have hijacked the concept to serve the interests of select private businesses at the cost of smaller business enterprises and the majority of the electorate. (Dunkley, 2004, p.53) The rest of this essay will look into how free trade, despite strong arguments in its favor, has not always been adopted in economic policy making. It was by the start of 1970s that currents of change were detected in the global economic order, with nationalism and protectionism being replaced by neo-liberalism and free flow of capital. But there were also concerns that this new economic paradigm can lead to excesses and decadence. For example, the unsavory side-effects of free trade in this period includes â€Å"the appearance of a nearly feral form of entrepreneurship in which black marketers, drug barons, arms merchants, rackets bosses, Mafiosi, and other profiteers were emerging as the economic and political leaders of the social transformations underway in their respective societies.† (Buchanan, 2000, p.1) These developments acted as a disincentive for a few governments to draw up free trade policies. Another reason why free trade practices are not uniformly accepted is due to the effect it has on workers and consumers. Some believe that under this system, workers become helpless pawns of their capitalist masters, compelled to sell their labor power at sub-optimal costs. The only theoretical alternative they have to evading this exploitation is to become destitute, which is a far greater misery. Multi-national corporations (MNCs), which are the facade of free trade, are perceived as coercing citizens to unwillingly participate in the capitalist market system, while also leaving consumers with no choice but to buy their products. (List, 1997, p.51) In the book titled Telling the Truth about History, author Joyce Appleby traces how MNCs came to be

Twenty20 and World Cup Essay Example for Free

Twenty20 and World Cup Essay Essay on furious version of t20 cricket match in India | Essay www.publishyourarticles.net//essay/essay-on-furious-version-of-t20-cri? Cricket is game internationally recognized as an instrument for the establishment of world peace. Teams from far and remote corners of the world  visit the Cricket Twenty20: Latest News on Cricket Twenty20 Outlook www.outlookindia.com/taghome.aspx?tag=101881%20Twenty20? See Cricket Twenty20 Latest News, Latest updates Photos of Cricket Twenty20 on Outlook India. T20 World Cup: India tripped, fell, never got up. Why? Is the IPL hurting the chances of fit players defending India in the www.civilserviceindia.com †º Subject?

An overview of Electronic Commerce

An overview of Electronic Commerce

The Aspects of Criminal Justice :: Crime Justice Criminals Essays

The Aspects of Criminal Justice There are many different aspects of criminal justice policy. One in particular is the different theories of crime and how they affect the criminal justice system. The Classical School of criminology is a theory about evolving from a capital punishment type of view to more humane ways of punishing people. Positivist criminology is maintaining the control of human behavior and criminal behavior. They did this through three different categories of Biological studies, which are five methodologies of crime that were mainly focused on biological theories, Psychological theories, which contains four separate theories, and the Sociological theories, which also includes four different methods of explaining why crime exists. The last theory is about Critical criminology. Their goal was to transform society in a way that would liberate and empower subordinate groups of individuals. The Classical School of criminology was founded by "European legal authorities that thought crime was caused by supernatural forces" (DeKeseredy & Schwartz, 1996, p.155) preceding the 1700's. The catch phrase "The devil made him do it" was very popular because of the thought that people who committed crimes were sinners or people who didn't follow God. Those who didn't follow God were known as heretics and this following led to the connection of church and state where torture or execution could happen to anyone that the government thought to be evil or a part of witchcraft. Since the Middle Ages didn't have equal rights for all, women and the poor were usually the ones being prosecuted. With all of the problems of the times, the government found and made scapegoats out of these people, and blamed them of the troubles that were occurring. As DeKeseredy and Schwartz (1996, p.156) stated, "the most common way of determining guilt was through torture. It was a simple system: if you confe ssed, you were executed: is you did not confess, the torture continued until you died." This system of killing people was a well-respected way of running the criminal justice system. As time passed, the punishments turned away from inflicting pain on the body and turned more towards inflicting pain on the soul. This meant that imprisonment of long periods of time was going to take place of executions. A very important theorist in the Classical School of thought is Cesare Beccarria. He was a modest man who wrote an essay called On Crimes and Punishment.

Simple Linear Regression Model

This article considers the relationship between two variables in two ways: (1) by using regression analysis and (2) by computing the correlation coefficient. By using the regression model, we can evaluate the magnitude of change in one variable due to a certain change in another variable. For example, an economist can estimate the amount of change in food expenditure due to a certain change in the income of a household by using the regression model.A sociologist may want to estimate the increase in the crime rate due to a particular increase in the unemployment rate. Besides answering these questions, a regression model also helps predict the value of one variable for a given value of another variable. For example, by using the regression line, we can predict the (approximate) food expenditure of a household with a given income. The correlation coefficient, on the other hand, simply tells us how strongly two variables are related.It does not provide any information about the size of the change in one variable as a result of a certain change in the other variable. Let us return to the example of an economist investigating the relationship between food expenditure and income. What factors or variables does a household consider when deciding how much money it should spend on food every week or every month? Certainly, income of the household is one factor. However, many other variables also affect food expenditure.For instance, the assets owned by the household, the size of the household, the preferences and tastes of household members, and any special dietary needs of household members are some of the variables that influence a household’s decision about food expenditure. These variables are called independent or explanatory variables because they all vary independently, and they explain the variation in food expenditures among different households. In other words, these variables explain why different households spend different amounts of money on food.Foo d expenditure is called the dependent variable because it depends on the independent variables. Studying the effect of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable using regression analysis is called multiple regressions. However, if we choose only one (usually the most important) independent variable and study the effect of that single variable on a dependent variable, it is called a simple regression. Thus, a simple regression includes only two variables: one independent and one dependent. Note that whether it is a simple or a multiple regression analysis, it always includes one and only one dependent variable.It is the number of independent variables that changes in simple and multiple regressions. The relationship between 2 variables in a regression analysis is expressed by a mathematical equation called a regression equation or model. A regression equation, when plotted, may assume one of many possible shapes, including a straight line. A regression equation that g ives a straight-line relationship between two variables is called a linear regression model; otherwise, the model is called a nonlinear regression model. Simple Linear Regression Model This article considers the relationship between two variables in two ways: (1) by using regression analysis and (2) by computing the correlation coefficient. By using the regression model, we can evaluate the magnitude of change in one variable due to a certain change in another variable. For example, an economist can estimate the amount of change in food expenditure due to a certain change in the income of a household by using the regression model.A sociologist may want to estimate the increase in the crime rate due to a particular increase in the unemployment rate. Besides answering these questions, a regression model also helps predict the value of one variable for a given value of another variable. For example, by using the regression line, we can predict the (approximate) food expenditure of a household with a given income. The correlation coefficient, on the other hand, simply tells us how strongly two variables are related.It does not provide any information about the size of the change in one variable as a result of a certain change in the other variable. Let us return to the example of an economist investigating the relationship between food expenditure and income. What factors or variables does a household consider when deciding how much money it should spend on food every week or every month? Certainly, income of the household is one factor. However, many other variables also affect food expenditure.For instance, the assets owned by the household, the size of the household, the preferences and tastes of household members, and any special dietary needs of household members are some of the variables that influence a household’s decision about food expenditure. These variables are called independent or explanatory variables because they all vary independently, and they explain the variation in food expenditures among different households. In other words, these variables explain why different households spend different amounts of money on food.Foo d expenditure is called the dependent variable because it depends on the independent variables. Studying the effect of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable using regression analysis is called multiple regressions. However, if we choose only one (usually the most important) independent variable and study the effect of that single variable on a dependent variable, it is called a simple regression. Thus, a simple regression includes only two variables: one independent and one dependent. Note that whether it is a simple or a multiple regression analysis, it always includes one and only one dependent variable.It is the number of independent variables that changes in simple and multiple regressions. The relationship between 2 variables in a regression analysis is expressed by a mathematical equation called a regression equation or model. A regression equation, when plotted, may assume one of many possible shapes, including a straight line. A regression equation that g ives a straight-line relationship between two variables is called a linear regression model; otherwise, the model is called a nonlinear regression model.

South africa- the laws and their effects essays

South africa- the laws and their effects essays In 1948, the National Party was elected with Dr. Daniel Malan as their leader in South Africa. Their policies were based on the Saur Report (1947) which ultimately worked towards full apartheid (apartness) and segregation of the different races. During 1948-1960, many apartheid laws were introduced and these confiscated the rights of all non-whites socially, residentially, politically and educationally. These legislations did not achieve grand apartheid, but with Africans making up 73% of the South African people along with 9% being Coloured and 2.8% being Asians, they had significant negative effects on the vast majority of the population. Naturally, the non-whites decided to take action against the unjust and unfair rules after many years of patience. The resistance took form in many ways, most being peaceful and non-violent, at least until the beginning of 1960s. Once in power, one of the first issues the National Party took to consideration was social segregation. They decided to deal with the closest links of all between the races- sex and marriage. The Afrikaners truly believed in racial purity and that they were God-blessed superior race. The thought of mixing the superior race and the inferior non-whites seemed disgraceful for Malan and Party. Firstly, in 1949, the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act was passed through the government; this made marriages between whites and non-whites illegal. But the effects of this act were not the results the government had in mind, so in 1950 a second, Immorality Act had to be passed reinforcing that all sexual relations outside marriage illegal between Whites and non-Whites. However, loopholes were found again by those who wanted to be together, but were of different race. In 1953, a 25 year old married White man was convicted to a month in jail for kissing an African girl in a parked car withou t lights, in a dark street. The girls...

Domestic Violence Essays - Behavior, Human Behavior, Misconduct

Domestic Violence Essays - Behavior, Human Behavior, Misconduct Domestic Violence Why ask women when they only need to be told? Why ask women when they hope to be takenfeelings, moods, and attitudes rule a woman, not facts, reason or logicThe acquisition of knowledge or responsibility does not lessen womens need for support, guidance, and control. Quite the contrary. This attitude justifies the so-called need for men to correct their wives misbehaviour. It perpetuates the idea that women must need a man who can guide, protect and provide for them. These perceptions have been notable throughout history (Re: the rule of thumb) and it has only been in the last few decades in North America where women have been more given rights and freedoms. Yet, physical abuse still exists. The women stay and the men continue their cycle of violence while society quietly waits for the last tragic blow. Domestic violence occurs all over the world. Canada is not immune to this social problem that plagues many developing countries. In the past few months there have been numerous cases of domestic violence leading to murder and suicide in Southern Ontario. The media has shone light on this once private matter and revealed that the problem still exists. Violence against women by their spouses is a life-threatening situation that is not treated seriously by the legal system or by society in general. It often takes a tragedy for corrective action to be taken and stricter laws to be made. On July 24, 2000 an article appeared in the Toronto Star entitled, Victim of Acid Attack had been Abducted. A 27-year-old woman was abducted for several hours one week before her boyfriend (and childs father) splashed her with sulphuric acid in her Scarbourough home and she didnt report the incident to police. Police said the acid burned the woman's face and 80 per cent of her body after it ate through he r clothes. Nigel Carrington, has been charged with attempted murder, kidnapping, assault, dangerous driving, theft and mischief. In the wake of recent cases of domestic violence that have ended in deaths, McQueen ( a Toronto police officer) made an appeal for the public to be vigilant' in reporting incidents at their early stages. This case capped it off for me, McQueen said. Here I am finding out about a kidnapping, previous assaults and other things And when do I find out about it? On the day she almost loses her life. Some women do leave their abusive relationships. Battered women are not always passive victims who merely accept the abuse. They want to stop the violence and protect their children. Sometimes battered women deny or minimize the abuse as a coping strategy to reduce the psychological impact of the abuse. The fact that a battered woman may not leave may reflect the fact that our society has not provided sufficient supports for the victims of violence to be able to leave. A woman often stays because she hopes that her partner will change, and that the battering will stop. When the abuse continues she may well try to leave or get help. She may be threatened with even more violence if she leaves and she knows that her partner is capable of carrying out those threats. Many batterers threaten to get a court order for custody of the children if she leaves. There are many obstacles that a woman faces if she tries to leave. There is a lack of support and practical help (family and friends dont support her or are afraid to get involved) and a lack of information (she becomes isolated and unaware of her options). There is also limited protection options (the justice system cannot guarantee protection for women, and court protection orders are frequently broken). For many battered women, the choice is to stay with the abuser and try to avoid being battered, or to leave and face a life of poverty and uncertainty for herself and her children. There are other reasons why women choose to stay such as: fear of not being believed, feels as if she has created the problem and that she is the one who should change her behaviour. She is unable to escape her abusers control (including finances) and does not have another

Global Regulatory Regime for Environment The WritePass Journal

Global Regulatory Regime for Environment Introduction: Global Regulatory Regime for Environment ). Previous Environmental Laws: Law governing the environmental aspect of society is known as environmental law. Many such laws have been passed in the United States in the past such as the National Environmental Policy (1969), the Clean Air Act (1970), the Clean Water Act (1972), and the Endangered Species Act (1973). The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 aimed to ensure that all activities whether federal or private must be assessed and evaluated on the pretense of their effect upon the environment and their subsequent influence upon the surroundings around them. This meant that any project in the United States excluding those performed by the President or Congress were to be assessed to ensure that they did not cause immense harm to the environment. This act was implemented when concerns for the environment began to increase and people became more conscious of the effects that their actions caused upon the environment. The Clean Air act of 1970 aimed to ensure that the air remained clean and emissions an d the release of gases was controlled in order to prevent toxic emissions or the release of a high amount of antioxidants Industries and factories were given permits in order to control the amount of emissions they could release and they were heavily penalized if they exceeded the specified amount of emissions allowed to them. There were also days on which emissions were not allowed from factories and businesses were made to seize production in order to let the air remain clean for specific periods of time (Avant et al, 2010). While the above mentioned laws were specific to the United States, there have been laws which governed the whole world at large. Some of these laws are known as customary laws and have become such common practice that it is considered necessary for all countries to be bound by them. These laws are often upheld by authorities such as the United Nations. Such laws are usually laid out after world conferences in the United Nations and examples include the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. and the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Protocols are also made between countries which are subsidiary agreements made from the main treaty. These smaller agreements govern certain aspects of the main agreement and put forward additional requirements that must be followed in addition to the main agreement. Some of the most popular protocols include the Kyota Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Bierman Bernd, 2009). Accordingly, many international organizations are also made which seek to implement such environmental goals of which some of the most popular ones include International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Hence, there are many platforms for making international laws and global regulatory regimes in order to promote the environmental cause. Moreover, such actions have been taken before and there are many laws in place governing such issues. (Keohane, 2010). Benefits and Prospects of Adopting a Global Regulatory Regime: Hence, the prospects of adopting a global regulatory regime are quite high as many countries are now mutually concerned regarding the environment and the effects that businesses and industries have upon their countries. Moreover, due to high awareness levels and a lot of media coverage, individuals, businesses, and specifically multinational organizations seek to focus upon the implementation of safe and fair practices for the environment and seek help and support in this regard. There are organizations and international committees which work for this cause and serve as a platform to bring many countries of the world together to discuss important issues Accordingly, as it is often said that brainstorming and consultation can lead to better solutions, the adoption of a global regulatory regime allows the leaders and prominent personalities of the world to mutually decide what is beneficial for their country and the world at large (Keohane, 1984). As the whole planet technically belongs to all individuals and the actions of one country are likely to affect the whole planet, it is also important for there to be a mutual consensus regarding the practices prevalent in different countries across the globe. For example, the USA’s excessive use of aerosol sprays has depleted the ozone layer and this has eventually affected global warming in the whole world. In the same manner, the excess of pollution in the air and other toxic chemicals affect processes such as rain, global warming, and the prevalence of clean water for multiple countries who share borders and water facilities through the use of rivers. Hence, while one country may adopt principles to govern the environmental aspect in their own country, they may not be completely aware of the effect that practices in their own country are having upon other countries and vice versa. Thus, it may be more beneficial to discuss these problems together and on a global platform in order to come up with mutually feasible solutions (Scott, 1998). Accordingly, the feasibility and previous implementation of a global regulatory regime for the environment may be high, yet it is a highly difficult procedure and program to successfully implement and ensure that it is abided by. Thus, there may be several problems associated with the adoption of a global regulatory regime and the attempt to implement it in all countries of the world (Wilson, 1991). Problems with the Adoption of a Global Regulatory Regime: One of the most troubling problems of adopting a global regulatory regime or attempting to implement it is the setting up of an authority to ensure implementation and supervise the regime. It is literally impossible for a regulatory committee to be physically present in all parts of all countries governed by the regime, thus it becomes nearly impossible for such committees to supervise and check whether the laws governing this regime are followed in all parts of all countries. Accordingly, it is not possible or easy to maintain a proper check and balance on the laws governing this global regime and it is not possible to detect offenders easily. If there is no proper way to uphold the regulations in the regime, the regime is likely to be highly ineffective (Wilson, 1991). Moreover, there needs to be a proper way to punish countries which do not follow the regime properly and do not uphold the laws described in it. It may be highly difficult to decide upon a punishment for such countries and even more difficult to implement such a punishment. It may also be easy for countries with higher levels of influence to avoid punishment. Another very tantalizing aspect is to decide upon the judiciary who will preside over such cases and maintain a fair and balanced system. This is highly difficult to implement on a global scale (Sim Teoh, 1997). The costs associated with implementing the system and maintaining a committee for check and balance purposes will be quite high and may be considered unnecessary by many countries. This may also be considered a waste of time and effort by many world leaders and it is highly difficult to arrive at a mutually agreed upon decision. Moreover, the drafting of policies governing the global regulatory regime is likely to be a highly rigorous process which is likely to take a lot of contemplation, argument, and debate. There are not likely to be many occasions on which all countries agree or cooperate and such procedures cannot be forced upon countries which do not agree. Treaties are made by mutual consent and obtaining mutual consent is likely to be the major problem prevailing in the implementation of such policies (Feigener, 1997). Many countries argue and debate for long periods of time concerning the applicability of customary laws towards themselves. Many countries want to be free from having to abide by such laws and put up issues in United Nations meetings. Hence, if the application of customary laws becomes a matter of debate, the adoption of a global regulatory regime is likely to become a matter of intense or perhaps never-ending debate (Sadiq Governortori, 2010). There are costs associated with the implementation of environmental controls and these costs are likely to be high. Hence, all countries may not be willing to implement these costs within their respective country as it may be burdening upon their budget and they may have other concerns for which to allocate their national budget to. Due to the associated costs, many countries refrain from indulging in environmentally friendly practices and this includes countries such as the United States of America.   Moreover, many world leaders may consider these extra costs to be unnecessary and burdensome for the economy. It will obviously take extra expenditure on the part of each country separately in order to ensure that regulatory practices are implemented within their own country. Hence, many leaders consider this to be unnecessary expenditure and do not express their consent to indulge in such excessive expenditure. One of the most important reasons for the difficulty in adopting a global environmental regulatory regime is that the circumstances of all countries are different. While the citizens of some countries are educated and aware of the need for an environmental cause, the citizens of other countries are not aware of such problems and have other bigger problem plaguing their nation. Moreover, while some developed countries have the resources and equipment needed to implement environmental controls, other poorer nations of the world completely lack such facilities and cannot support such regimes. Environmental problems affecting different countries are also of diverse natures but it is widely known that developing countries require even more regulatory controls than developed nations as the atmosphere in their countries is highly dangerous for the citizens of the country and leads to many deaths annually. Moreover, awareness programs and other initiatives are required in such countries in order to at least make the situation satisfactory if not excellent. However, these goals and others concerning the environment seem to be a long way away from being fully achieved (Baumgartner Winter, 2013). Conclusion and Recommendations: While it is not easy to adopt a global regulatory regime, countries can hold annual conferences in order to discuss environmental issues and attempt to mutually solve the environmental concerns arising (Nielson Jensen, 2013). Countries who do agree upon implementation of environmental controls can sign treaties and agreements in order to make the implementation of such procedures official. They can also attempt to have talks with the leaders of other countries and provide support for the successful implementation of environmental controls and regulatory regimes in these countries. Support can be through manpower, delegations, or financial aid in order to help other countries conform to the laws governing environmental concerns. However, countries who do not agree upon the implementation of such controls cannot be forced to consider them (Henri Jornalt, 2010). Serious offenders or countries which are severely damaging the environment can be reprimanded through boycotts from other countries, cutting off of trade, foreign aid, or through other means. However, it is necessary to consider the country’s circumstances before such severe consequences are applied   and talks should be carried out in order to solve such issues (Fuerist Mcallister, 2011). Hence, a global regulatory regime can be applied towards some countries of the world but is extremely difficult to apply on all countries of the world and can be considered impossible to some extent.[1] However, there are manners in which countries can take initiatives as a combined body to help the environmental cause and promote the campaign against environmental harm caused by industries and businesses worldwide (Tessitore et al, 2010). References Abbott, K. (2012) The Transnational Regime Complex for Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Anderson, R. (2010) â€Å"Who Controls the Off-Switch?’ Smart Grid Communications International Conference. 96-101 Antweiler, W., B. Copeland, M.S. Taylor. (2001) â€Å"Is free trade good for the environment?† American Economic Review. 91. pp.877–907 Avant, Deborah D., Martha Finnemore, Susan K. Sell, eds. (2010) Who Governs the Globe?. Cambridge University Press. Baumgartner, R. Winter, T. (2013) â€Å"The Sustainability Manager: A Tool for Education and Training on Sustainability Management.† Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. Biermann, F. Bernd S. eds.( 2009) â€Å"Managers of Global Change: The Government and Policy.† Environment and Planning Control. 30(4) pp.571-90 Biermann, F. (2010) â€Å"Beyond the Intergovernmental regime: recent trends in global carbon governance†. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2 (4) pp. 284-288 Cassesse, S. (2010) â€Å"Is There a Global Administrative Law?†.The Exercise of Public Authority by International Institutions. 210. pp. 761-776 Fiegener, M. (1994) â€Å"Matching Business-level Strategic Controls to Strategy: Impact on Control System Effectiveness. Journal of Applied Business Research. Vol. 10 (1) Frederiksen, B.S. (1995) â€Å"National Responses to the EC Nitrate Policy.† Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. Vol. 38 pp.253 – 264. Fuerest, F. Mcallister, P. (2011) â€Å"Green Noise or Green Value? Measuring the Effects of Environmental Certification of Office Values. Real Estate Economics. Vol, 39 (1) pp.45-69 Gerlagh, R. and N.A. Mathys. (2011) â€Å"Energy Abundance, Trade and Industry Location.† Working Papers Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. . Grieg-Gran, M., I. Porras, S. Wunder. (2005)†How can market mechanisms for forest environmental services help the poor?† Preliminary lessons from Latin A .Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press Henri, J. Journalt, M. (2010) â€Å"Eco-Control: The Influence of Management Control Systems on Environmental and Economic Performance.† Accounting, Organizations, and Society. Vol. 36 (1) pp. 63-80 Keohane, R. O. (1984) After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Princeton: Princeton University Press. Keohane,N. O. (2010) Thinking about Leadership. Princeton: Princeton University Landes, D. S. (1998) The wealth and poverty of nations: why some are so rich and some so poor. W. Norton, New York, New York, USA. Nielsen, J. Jensen, T. (2013) â€Å"Environmental Epidemiology†. Essentials of Medical Geology. 537=547 Sadiq, S. Governatori, G. (2010) â€Å"Managing Regulatory Compliance in Business Processes†. Handbook on Business Process Management. 159-175 Scott, R. (1998.) Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Prentice Hall. Sim, A.B. Teoh, H.Y. (1997) â€Å"Relationships Between Business Strategy, Environment and Controls; A Three Country Study.† Journal of Applied Business Research. Vol. 13 (4) Tessitore, S., Daddi, T., Iraldo, F. (2010) â€Å"The link between environmental and economic performance: evidence from some eco-innovative industrial clusters†. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development. 12 pp. 124-144 Toffel, M., Short, J. Ouellet, M. (2012) â€Å"Reinforcing Regulatory Regimes: How States, Civil Society, and Codes of Conduct Promote Adherence to Global Labor Standards.† Harvard Business School Technology and Operations Management Unit Working Paper 13. Voigt, S. (2012) The Economics of Informal International Law: An Empirical Assessment. In Informal International Lawmaking. edited by Joost Pauwelyn, Ramses A. Wessel, and Jan Wouters. New York: Oxford University Press Wilson, J. (1991) Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do And Why They Do It. Basic Books

Memorandum of Points and Authorities AKA Trail Court Brief Essay

Memorandum of Points and Authorities AKA Trail Court Brief - Essay Example STATEMENT OF CASE Marco Velasco, the DEFENDANT, of legal age, running with friends within the vicinity of San Diego Middle School was apprehended by authorities after they have ran inside and then exited of the SDMS campus with various items in their hands. Defendant was holding a glass vase, while the rest held a bottom of a lamp, a chair leg, and a candlestick. That the four teenagers were seen by campus security officers Miguel Martinez and Marvin DaSilvia on said vicinity. It so happened that Martinez recalled that defendant was a member of a gang and also attended San Diego Middle School. The security officers overheard one of the teenagers in the group of defendant shout, â€Å"He’s over there!† Subsequently, the campus security officers yelled to the group to â€Å"Stop!† several times but the group of defendant continued running until they went towards the exit of the campus, of which they were subsequently apprehended by Officer Jael Waddle. In the proce ss, the glass vase held by defendant was confiscated and used as evidence to press charges against defendant in violation of section 12024 of the US Penal Code, specifically possession of deadly weapon. The arresting officers, however, failed to secure search warrant for possession of deadly weapons for defendant prior to arrest. This, in the assumption that defendant was a violent person who was about to assault a person with the â€Å"deadly weapon† glass vase. Defendant was illegally arrested and his possession confiscated without probable cause. ARGUMENT THE COURT SHOULD REVERSE DECICION TO DETAIN DEFENDANT FOR VIOLATION OF PENAL CODE 12024 DUE TO ILLEGAL ARREST AND LACK OF PROBABLE CAUSE. Defendant Marco Velasco, charged with felony for single count of violation of section 12024 of the United States Penal Code, contends that the trial court erred in finding sufficient probable cause to justify his arrest. As a result, the glass vase held by Defendant during his arrest wr ongly assumed as a deadly weapon used against defendant, should have been suppressed. A. Defendant Was Illegally Detained Although defendant was immediately arrested upon apprehension and was never actually detained for investigative purposes, defendant submits that there lacks sufficient cause to justify lawful detention. This fact is important because after defendant’s illegal detention and arrest, he was charged with violation of California Penal Code Section 12024. Arrest and detention is lawful if the circumstances known or apparent to the officer includes specific articulable facts for the officer to suspect any criminal activity is happening and the person he intends to arrest is involved in that criminal activity (Tony C [1978] 21 Cal.3d 888, 890). In Brown v. Texas (1979, 443 U.S. 47), it was stated that, â€Å"†¦intrusion on interests prohibited by the Fourth Amendment and requires a reasonable suspicion based on articulable facts relating to the person or his or her conduct in order to be lawful,† in consideration of alleging that a glass vase on defendant’s possession was a deadly weapon. The Fourth Amendment protects the right of the people to be secure in their persons, house, papers, and effects, against

Personal Financial Services in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal Financial Services in China - Essay Example Throughout the world, China is considered as a pioneer in all kinds of new technologies and modern scientific approaches to business. Thus, it has recorded a very high average growth rate of 10% for the last three decades (Zhu, 2012, p. 115). The economic structure is such that the country follows a socialist model in which unionization is supported and the people are provided with social benefits (Chao, 1986, p.245). The fair competition takes place where private and public enterprises work in harmony with one another and try to deliver an efficient allocation of the resources in the economy. The economy of China has the highest rate of urbanization and it is also the largest economy in the world. The country started the endeavor to industrialize the economy at the beginning of the 1950s. Before 1978, the growth rate of the economy was 3 % per annum which increased to 8% post-1978 period. There was a reversal in the pattern of accumulation of capital and the productivity growth of t he factors of production like labor and technology. The rate of labor participation grew very slowly during this period because the growth rate of population was very low (Schultz, 1953, p.136). The basic model that every business in the people’s republic of China followed was focused on investment. This strategy was taken only to achieve economies of scale and high rate of growth by the government of China (Naughton, 1995, p.45). However, it was not much of a success and led to many unfavorable consequences for the society.... Fair competition takes place where private and public enterprises work in harmony with one another and try to deliver efficient allocation of the resources in the economy. The economy of China has the highest rate of urbanisation and it is also the largest economy of the world. The country started the endeavour to industrialise the economy at the beginning of the 1950s. Before 1978, the growth rate of the economy was 3 % per annum which increased to 8% post 1978 period. There was a reversal in the pattern of accumulation of capital and the productivity growth of the factors of production like labour and technology. The rate of labour participation grew very slowly during this period because the growth rate of population was very low (Schultz, 1953, p.136). The basic model that every business in the people’s republic of China followed was focused on investment. This strategy was taken only to achieve economies of scale and high rate of growth by the government of China (Naughto n, 1995, p.45). However, it was not much of a success and led to many unfavourable consequences for the society. The agricultural production in the country also faced a setback because of this reason. In the post 1990 period, the economy of China again started growing at a very high average rate of 10% and it was accompanied by a very high rate of inflation. The Asian financial crisis had a very little impact on the Chinese economy only through the fall in the FDI and reduction in the exports of the country. This is because China had very large reserves and the cash inflows that took place in the country were mainly long term in nature and could not be withdrawn by the investors. But it was not completely unaffected. The rate of unemployment was increasing and the growth rate was

Evolution of Correctional System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evolution of Correctional System - Essay Example In America, the correction system has witnessed great, interesting changes from the medieval times, to the current super-max prisons. With this in mind, this paper will address the evolution of the correction system, including a historical overview of different types of corrections and custody levels. The criminal justice system of America is concerned with both punishment and corrections, however, today; America has the highest inmate population in the world. The history of corrections system in America traces back to the European system, which was in England, Holland, and France. America only improved on this system in the way they executed it. In the past, common law comprising set rules offered guidance and helped people in solving different social problems. The process of law was under the guidance of judges, as they were responsible for making decisions relating to law. However, as time went by, the colonial system developed their system of criminal justice, which laid the foun dation for the present criminal justice system in America (Gottfredson 11-15). In the 16th and 17th Centuries, there were various correction modes. Most of them were based on public shaming, in order to teach offenders a lesson, and deter others. This approach was to prevent the recurrence of criminal activity, and included, cutting off ears, the stocks, whipping, ducking stool, and placing people in the pillory. For much heinous crimes such as murder, the criminals faced execution through public hanging. The act of imprisonment was rare in colonial years. However, this later found its way into the American criminal justice system. In prisons, people waited for their trial or punishment, while in detention. All types of criminals were detained together while waiting punishment. However, these prisons were poorly maintained, due to the negligence of the prison warders. Most people detained in prisons lost their lives due to various diseases, such as the gaol fever. Houses of correcti on were to serve a purpose of instilling industry habits in offenders through labor in prisons. The people held in these houses were mainly petty offenders, the local disorderly poor, and vagrants. Near the end of the 17th Century, houses of correction were absorbed into the prison system, and put under the control of the local justices of peace (Tonry 12-15). In the 18th Century, many executions of criminals were undertaken. This raised concerns and led to the opposition of the death penalty by many people. They suggested that not all offenders found guilty should be subjected to a death penalty, however, only those convicted of serious crimes such as murder, should be executed. This opposition was counter-productive as jurors finally considered executions for petty offenders extreme. They therefore had to look for a much fairer way of punishing petty offenders, other than execution. In the mid-18th Century, imprisonment, with hard labor, was decided on as the most appropriate form of punishment for petty offenders (Freeman 77-80). Transportation was the most appropriate method used to dispose convicts. These were transported by ship to the America and other British colonies by ship. This happened until the America War of Independence. However, at the end of the 18th Century, there was curtailing of transportation. This means that alternative sanctions had to be put in place. These were later

Projective Techniques Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Projective Techniques - Research Paper Example It is still implicitly used in many areas of management, but is seldom acknowledged. For example, in operational management, OCE layout theory assumes that managers project their subconscious in designing their OCE space (bunker, open etc.). This paper would mainly focus upon the detail analysis of the projective techniques and its application in academic researches as well. The idea of projective techniques is usually accredited to Frank (1939) with techniques initially developed in clinical psychology, where they were used for personality assessment and psychoanalytic treatment (Bellak 1992, Graham and Lilly 1984, Kassarjian 1974). The hypothesis that \research participants project aspects of their personalities in the process of disambiguating unstructured test stimuli" was the basis for this development. A number of different techniques were developed such as the well-known Rorschach technique or ink-blot test" where subjects are assumed to project aspects of their own personalit y onto the ambiguous features of a series of pictures of inkblots. Projective techniques provide the researcher with the tools to elicit projection and thus go beyond the fence of bounded rationality. This is because they have the ability to tap into the unconscious mental processing of individuals and can be used to get through the defensive barriers that respondents erect (Boddy, 2010, Ramsey, Ibbotson, and McCole 2006, Rogers and Beal 2006), the barriers of incorrect attribution or the barriers due to research question sensitivity (Anderson 1978, Fram and Cibotti 1991, Soley 2009). The first use of projective techniques in management research is generally accepted to be Haire (1950). He conducted a marketing study in the United States using projective techniques and found that female consumers formed impressions about the personalities of other women based on their product purchases, which they could not, or would not, state during direct questioning. The study gave unique and va luable insights into the barriers to product acceptance among housewives and these were deemed to be so useful that the study was basically the launch pad for the use of projective techniques in marketing research. Professional marketing researchers adopted the use of projective techniques and concluded that projective techniques were far superior to other research methods because they assessed the deep-rooted motivations of consumers. Follow up studies have consistently confirmed and supported the validity of Haire's approach and this cemented their use in marketing research (Soley, 2009). This common usage of projective techniques in marketing and advertising communications research continues to this day. Projective Techniques can be classified in a number of ways based on mode of response provides for five types. These are: Association Techniques Association techniques ask participants to respond to a stimulus with whatever association first comes to their mind. For example they may be asked What type of car would an accountant usually drive?" This is an example of word association, which is the most common test in this category. It is a simple enabling device where respondents or research participants suggest words that they can associate, in some way, with something relevant to what is being researched. The weakness of word association tests is that they do not provide respondents with the

Internet for Business module assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Internet for Business module assignment - Essay Example To add to their product offering, ASOS began to sell shoes, accessories, beauty products as well as jewellery in 2004. In the same year they were named as the second online clothing store by Hitwise magazine after Next ("ASOS: Unique enough to outlast competition", 2005). Steadily, the sales of ASOS grew. Their biggest sale was recorded from November to December of 2005. This resulted to an increase in the operating profit of the company. A seventy-one point seven percent increased was noted, which resulted to 1.1M operating profit in 2004-2005. In the table below, it is noticeable that the growth of ASOS came only in the years 2004-2005 when there group operating margin was recorded at eight point two and seven point nine respectively ("ASOS: Unique enough to outlast competition", 2005). However, it was the company's belief that the sales could have been higher if only some problems were quickly resolved. One of those problems was the warehousing problem. The number of orders that flooded ASOS during the holiday season of 2004 required them to ship around 2,000 to 3,000 orders per day ("ASOS: Unique enough to outlast competition", 2005). ... In addition, any of the items that ASOS were not offered during that season. After the rush of Christmas shopping subsided, many items were not sold and this resulted to a loss in full price sales opportunity. Since the items left in the warehouse ware already out of season, ASOS did not have any other choice but to offer them at discounted price early in 2005. This loss is noticeable in the table presented above. In 2004, the group-operating margin of ASOS was at eight point two percent, while its group-operating margin for the following year was only at seven point nine. ASOS Objectives Being both in the fashion and retail industry, ASOS needs to be able to meet the requirements of both industries in order to succeed. In relation to the fashion industry, ASOS must ensure that the items they are offering are in season. Being up to date, when it comes to the latest styles, is crucial for the case of ASOS. This is due to the fact that they are capitalizing on the trends that celebrities start (eMarketer, 2000). If ASOS is able to maintain this ability then the retail industry requirement can also be meet since trendy or in season clothes are more profitable than those that are not. This has been proven in the case stated earlier where ASOS had to sell out of season clothing at a discounted price. With this in mind, it is the objective of ASOS to offer and deliver the trendiest in season collection to their customers. Another objective of ASOS is to provide a pleasant online shopping experience to their customer. It is important to associate shopping with being online for ASOS' case. It is a fact that being physically involved in shopping brings about a different experience compared to

Tax and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Tax and Ethics - Essay Example The issue of aggressive tax planning raises the question of ethics. Each of the aforementioned players has a critical role in the arrangement as ensuing thesis underscores. In an attempt to tackle the query at hand, it is important to understand the roots of the economic power plays of the international system. In his discourses, Immanuel Wallenstein discusses political economy of global capitalism. In an attempt to articulate his major argument, Wallenstein develops a theoretical framework, which he calls the World Systems Theory. According to this theory, there is a characteristic structural disparity brought about by capitalism. He espouses that in the political economy of capitalism, the developed economies of the West emerge as the holders of capital since they control the market. Subsequently, the impoverished countries of the third world provide cheap labor and raw materials required to facilitate production. Echoing the same thoughts, Karl Marx had earlier noted that elite na tions of the West could not continue to enjoy this prestigious condition without exploiting the poor countries. Information retrieved from the annals of Karl Marx’s ideology dubbed the Communist Manifesto indicates that there are two key players in the power play of the international system: elite individuals and multinational companies. In the political economy of global capitalism, self-preservation is the ultimate goal. For multinational companies, the subjects of this study, aggressive tax planning is one of the devious tactics used to meet this end goal. Role of Key Players in Aggressive Tax Framing As famed global visionary, Steve Jobs once said, with great power comes responsibility. Through aggressive tax planning perpetuated by their lobbyists, strategic planners and advisers with the help of the mainstream government, multinational companies have ignored their responsibility role by shirking away from their duty to care. By ignoring their duty to care, they ignore t heir ethical duty thus abusing their corporate social responsibility. Their subtle tax circumvention mechanisms are a show of greed and thirst for economic power, which raises ethical concerns. Sources retrieved from Amnesty International indicate, â€Å"Starbucks had sales of ?400 million in the UK last year, but paid no corporation tax. Amazon, which had sales in the UK of ?3.35 billion in 2011, only reported a "tax expense" of ?1.8 million And Google's UK unit paid just ?6 million to the Treasury in 2011 on UK turnover of ?395 million.† Economic experts from the Wall Street Journal apportion blame to professional advisory agencies. The professional advisors of the companies themselves have come under fire on the type of advice that they have given which has in turn given rise to the tax avoidance. Key professional services firms such as Deloitte Touche, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), KPMG, and Ernst & Young are equally as guilty as the companies themselves are. Certain expe rts argue that these advisory agencies are the real culprits. According to the Wall Street Journal, these advisory agencies wilfully mislead and manipulate the companies for their own profitable purposes. Top economists accuse the advisory agencies

Projective Techniques Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Projective Techniques - Research Paper Example It is still implicitly used in many areas of management, but is seldom acknowledged. For example, in operational management, OCE layout theory assumes that managers project their subconscious in designing their OCE space (bunker, open etc.). This paper would mainly focus upon the detail analysis of the projective techniques and its application in academic researches as well. The idea of projective techniques is usually accredited to Frank (1939) with techniques initially developed in clinical psychology, where they were used for personality assessment and psychoanalytic treatment (Bellak 1992, Graham and Lilly 1984, Kassarjian 1974). The hypothesis that \research participants project aspects of their personalities in the process of disambiguating unstructured test stimuli" was the basis for this development. A number of different techniques were developed such as the well-known Rorschach technique or ink-blot test" where subjects are assumed to project aspects of their own personalit y onto the ambiguous features of a series of pictures of inkblots. Projective techniques provide the researcher with the tools to elicit projection and thus go beyond the fence of bounded rationality. This is because they have the ability to tap into the unconscious mental processing of individuals and can be used to get through the defensive barriers that respondents erect (Boddy, 2010, Ramsey, Ibbotson, and McCole 2006, Rogers and Beal 2006), the barriers of incorrect attribution or the barriers due to research question sensitivity (Anderson 1978, Fram and Cibotti 1991, Soley 2009). The first use of projective techniques in management research is generally accepted to be Haire (1950). He conducted a marketing study in the United States using projective techniques and found that female consumers formed impressions about the personalities of other women based on their product purchases, which they could not, or would not, state during direct questioning. The study gave unique and va luable insights into the barriers to product acceptance among housewives and these were deemed to be so useful that the study was basically the launch pad for the use of projective techniques in marketing research. Professional marketing researchers adopted the use of projective techniques and concluded that projective techniques were far superior to other research methods because they assessed the deep-rooted motivations of consumers. Follow up studies have consistently confirmed and supported the validity of Haire's approach and this cemented their use in marketing research (Soley, 2009). This common usage of projective techniques in marketing and advertising communications research continues to this day. Projective Techniques can be classified in a number of ways based on mode of response provides for five types. These are: Association Techniques Association techniques ask participants to respond to a stimulus with whatever association first comes to their mind. For example they may be asked What type of car would an accountant usually drive?" This is an example of word association, which is the most common test in this category. It is a simple enabling device where respondents or research participants suggest words that they can associate, in some way, with something relevant to what is being researched. The weakness of word association tests is that they do not provide respondents with the

Tax and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Tax and Ethics - Essay Example The issue of aggressive tax planning raises the question of ethics. Each of the aforementioned players has a critical role in the arrangement as ensuing thesis underscores. In an attempt to tackle the query at hand, it is important to understand the roots of the economic power plays of the international system. In his discourses, Immanuel Wallenstein discusses political economy of global capitalism. In an attempt to articulate his major argument, Wallenstein develops a theoretical framework, which he calls the World Systems Theory. According to this theory, there is a characteristic structural disparity brought about by capitalism. He espouses that in the political economy of capitalism, the developed economies of the West emerge as the holders of capital since they control the market. Subsequently, the impoverished countries of the third world provide cheap labor and raw materials required to facilitate production. Echoing the same thoughts, Karl Marx had earlier noted that elite na tions of the West could not continue to enjoy this prestigious condition without exploiting the poor countries. Information retrieved from the annals of Karl Marx’s ideology dubbed the Communist Manifesto indicates that there are two key players in the power play of the international system: elite individuals and multinational companies. In the political economy of global capitalism, self-preservation is the ultimate goal. For multinational companies, the subjects of this study, aggressive tax planning is one of the devious tactics used to meet this end goal. Role of Key Players in Aggressive Tax Framing As famed global visionary, Steve Jobs once said, with great power comes responsibility. Through aggressive tax planning perpetuated by their lobbyists, strategic planners and advisers with the help of the mainstream government, multinational companies have ignored their responsibility role by shirking away from their duty to care. By ignoring their duty to care, they ignore t heir ethical duty thus abusing their corporate social responsibility. Their subtle tax circumvention mechanisms are a show of greed and thirst for economic power, which raises ethical concerns. Sources retrieved from Amnesty International indicate, â€Å"Starbucks had sales of ?400 million in the UK last year, but paid no corporation tax. Amazon, which had sales in the UK of ?3.35 billion in 2011, only reported a "tax expense" of ?1.8 million And Google's UK unit paid just ?6 million to the Treasury in 2011 on UK turnover of ?395 million.† Economic experts from the Wall Street Journal apportion blame to professional advisory agencies. The professional advisors of the companies themselves have come under fire on the type of advice that they have given which has in turn given rise to the tax avoidance. Key professional services firms such as Deloitte Touche, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), KPMG, and Ernst & Young are equally as guilty as the companies themselves are. Certain expe rts argue that these advisory agencies are the real culprits. According to the Wall Street Journal, these advisory agencies wilfully mislead and manipulate the companies for their own profitable purposes. Top economists accuse the advisory agencies

Why Is the Initial Consultation Important Essay Example for Free

Why Is the Initial Consultation Important Essay In this essay I intend to discuss why an initial consultation is so important, before delivering any hypnotherapy to a new client. I also will look at the ethical factors a therapist should cover at the time of the initial consultation. Prior to any course of hypnotherapy with a new client a reputable therapist would want to learn more about the person that has presented before them. This would be done with an initial consultation. It could be said that this initial consultation would be free of charge and last around half an hour. Some however, would say that you are giving half an hour of your time free of charge. Although my thoughts are that it would make clearer sense to not charge as a client would not feel that their time with a therapist was being wasted by a therapist just asking questions. (Although how this was advertised should be looked into very carefully as stated in (module 3 worksheet), the words â€Å"free consultations?† could be open to misinterpretation were the words â€Å"free initial consultation!† is clearer and states exactly what is offered). There are a number of aims of the initial consultation. The most obvious reason for this would be to give the chance to meet a client face to face. Also a therapist would at this time be able to ensure that the client would benefit from hypnotherapy and indeed that hypnotherapy is the right course of action for that individual case. Also this gives the opportunity to gather as much information as possible about the prospective clients and the reason they have decided to undertake hypnotherapy. It is important that the reasons they are there are fully understood for example someone that wishes to stop smoking must have an incentive to why they are seeking hypnotherapy to help them quit. This should be investigated fully! are they there because people are nagging them to stop? Are they there because they themselves have reasons to want to stop? Perhaps they see smoking as unhealthy for them and those around them partner, children etc. The therapist should always dig deeper perhaps find out if there are anytime’s that they smoke more cigarettes. It could be that when that person gets stressed for a particular reason they smo ke more as a  way of dealing with it. This will influence the hypnotic suggestion during the therapy. â€Å"A suggestion is a communication by the hypnotist to the subject and, as with any communication; it is intended to alter the recipient’s feelings, thoughts and behaviour in a specified way.†(Pg 3, Heap Dryden.) During this the therapist can also discover the reason why the client has thought that hypnotherapy will help them. In addition the therapist is also establishing if they themselves have the skills to help the client. A therapist would also have the opportunity during this consultation to gather other information such as medications? Are they on medication if so what and what is it for. Perhaps they suffer from depression! With such a condition it would be prudent if this has not already been sought to gain the permission of their doctor before a course of treatment commences. (This of course depends upon the skills and experience of the therapist. There are some mental illnesses that should not be treated by hypnotherapy such as Bi-polar disorders etc(Heap and Dryden) There are other conditions and illnesses that could also present an issue with using hypnotherapy as a treatment and again would probably need permission from a Dr before any commencement of treatment. Modality an individual’s modality can also be assessed at this time this would help with the selection of an appropriate style of screed for any treatment. There are many other avenues of questioning during this initial consultation. However, I would like us to assume that we have followed all lines of question that we feel appropriate during the initial consultation and all is well and a therapist decides that the client will benefit from hypnotherapy. Let us also assume that the client has presented to us with a very low self esteem issue! For the purpose of this Essay and descriptive demonstration we shall call our client Jane. During the initial consultation it was established that Jane is going for a new job that would mean a promotion and more responsibility and to her surprise she managed to get the job because it is with her existing employer and her immediate boss recommended her for the new post. Jane however feels she is not capable of fulfilling the new role and feels more secure doing what she is doing right now as she knows that job inside out and is good at it. The new job has more responsibility and she would also be in charge of other members of staff. During the consultation it was established that Jane feels that she is not much good at  anything. What Jane has shown a therapist is that she has learnt this behaviour from somewhere? A little bit of digging into her past may establish why Jane feels this way. This sort of feeling is trapped within the subconscious mind and is brought across to her conscious mind. During further questioning it is established that Jane when she was younger was the middle child of three. Her parents would show more attention to the other children and praise them for achievements more than they would Jane. Jane recalls them saying on many occasions that she is useless and should be more like her siblings as she won’t amount to anything!!! This has presented Jane with a negative belief in her subconscious that in turn has made her believe that she is indeed useless. With the prospect of the new job role and promotion she believes she won’t be able to do the new role. Despite her current boss believing she can. Jane’s conscious mind is hearing her boss say you would be ideal for the job therefore we have a conflict. We now thanks to the initial consultation know where we should begin to help Jane with her self-esteem. To work with the positive aspects such as her bosses confidence in her and the fact that she herself admits to being good at her present job. It can be safely assumed that Jane was not born doing that job and indeed had to learn to do it. Also to work at the root or the negative beliefs she has that where placed into her subconscious by her parents during her childhood experiences. None of this could have been achieved if we did not have an initial consultation. Had Jane had just come along to a therapist and said I have low self-esteem. The Therapist says ok â€Å"Now close your eyes† Well nothing would be achieved â€Å"unless a total fluke†. Therefore this demonstrates the importance of the initial consultation. An ethical Therapist during this consultation would also look at other factors while deciding if a course of hypnotherapy will benefit and what course of action to take. A client that presented to you although had unrealistic expectations. This is a client who would otherwise be a good subject for treatment, but has the view that Hypnotherapy is a magic cure all. A patient such as this may seek hypnosis as a form of treatment because he has already tried a series of unsuccessful therapies. He is looking for something quick and easy. Even though hypnosis often works more rapidly than other forms of treatment, it cannot be expected to accomplish the impossible. (pg 280 Hypnosis for change Hadley and Staudacher) To inform a client that  everything is possible when it would not be would be a lie and would shadow doubt on the ethics of a therapist. An example would be a therapist that is presented with a client and the client wants a therapist to get rid of the strong feelings she has for her ex boyfriend and believes that the therapist can make her hate him rather than love him. This would be impossible. Even if during hypnosis the client did hate her ex boyfriend it would not be possible to continue into waking Hypnosis and this is due to a separation between our subconscious and our conscious minds this is known as the CCF (Conscious Critical Faculty) The CCF is a sort of filter. For example I could say that the grass is blue but you actually know it is not blue it is indeed green. That is because your conscious mind has the ability to be critical of suggestion therefore I could say the grass is Blue until I was blue in the face. You however, would know it was Green. Although I could suggest this under hypnosis and you would probably think the grass was blue until you where no longer under hypnosis because you’re conscious mind and the CCF would say once again it is Green. Therefore we could not change or do the impossible and it would be totally un-ethical to even attempt to proclaim to be able to do this just to secure a client. The most important ethical consideration a therapist should bare mind to is to be realistic with the therapists own ability as to take on something that clearly is beyond the therapists skills or remit could lead to MISAPPLICATION That is using the wrong treatment stemming largely from failure to diagnose correctly during the initial consultation. For example, A common request for anyone who employs hypnotic techniques in therapy, is for help of chronic pain, pain suppression or pain management and increased tolerance is readily achieved with a good proportion of people who make such a request. The potential then exists for the sufferer to learn to mask the symptom of the disorder which if progressive or life threatening, may place him or her in danger- at least of not seeking appropriate diagnosis and treatment until the disorder is too advanced to be treated. (pg 187 Heap and Dryden). Therefore if the therapist is using a good ethical practice during the initial consultation He or She will know their limitation and abilities. Other ethical issues that should be adhered to not only at the time of the initial consultation are laid out by the National Hypnotherapy society and to cover some of these in brief. That a therapist should not hold  discrimination towards anyone based upon their Religion, gender, sexuality, politics, disability, age, marital status. It is important that when a client asks a question pertaining to their treatment and their goals that a therapist answers the question as fully and accurately as possible if an answer is not known then to make something up would be a big mistake that could hold serious consequences. Therefore a therapist should endeavour to find an accurate answer. This would not undermine the client’s faith in a therapist if done correctly. For example that is something I would have to investigate further however I should have an answer for you in a day or two perhaps I could call you or we can speak at our next session. No lies have been told and the client is still happy. An Ethical practice puts the clients Welfare at the forefront and offers a service with respect, dignity and understanding. (Code of Ethics the National Hypnotherapy Society). Bibliography. Hypnosis for Change. 3rd edit. Hadley and Staudacher. Hypnotherapy (a handbook) Heap and Dryden. National Hypnotherapy society (code of ethics) British association of counsellors and psychotherapists (code of Ethics)

Importance Of Distribution Channels Marketing Essay

Importance Of Distribution Channels Marketing Essay Meaning: in the field of marketing, channels of distribution indicates routes or pathways through which goods and services flow, or more from producers to consumers. We can define formally the distribution channels as the set of interdependent marketing institutions participating in the marketing activities involved in the movement the flow of goods or services from the primary producers to ultimate consumers. A channel of distribution is a path traced in the direct or indirect transfer of ownership of a product as it moves from producers to consumers. A channel is pipeline through which a flows on its way to the consumers. The manager put his products into the pipeline marketing channels and it moves towards various marketing people and reaches the ultimate consumer which is the other end of the channels. Components of distribution system: The distribution system involves two components such as below. Channels of distribution Physical distribution Channels of distribution: means a process through which the products are transferred from the producers to the ultimate consumers. It also known as marketing channels. The channels members such as merchants agents wholesalers and retailers are middlemen in distribution and they perform all marketing functions. These channels members such as merchants agents wholesalers and retailers are middlemen in contribution and try perform according to marketing functions. These middlemen facilitate the process of exchange and create time, place and possession utilities through matching and sorting process. Sorting enables meeting or matching the supply with consumers demand. Physical distribution: it looks after physical handling of goods and assures maximum customers services. It aims at offering of delivery of right goods at the night distribution activities cover: Order processing Packaging Warehousing Transportation Inventory control Customer service. All middle in distribution on performs these function and they assure putting the products with in an arms length customers desire and demand. Elements of distribution channels: Path way: distribution channels are a pathway through which products and services flow from manufacturers to customers. Flow: this of goods and services in sequential and usually in directional. Composition: it is composed of intermediaries also called middlemen who participate in the flow of voluntarily. Objectives: although channels components largely strive to achieve mutually acceptable objectives, the manufacturer focus is an achieving corporate marketing objective. Leader: manufacturer leads the channels components and their behavior is regulated by mutually acceptable code of conduct, trade customer and or contracted stipulation. Thus the company acts as the channels caption and manages the pathway. Functions: the intermediaries perform such functions which facilitates transfers of ownership and possession of goods and services from marketers to consumers. The function performed by intermediaries is been classified as follows: Sorting out: it involves breaking a homogeneous through grading or inspection. Accumulation: it involves bringing a number of like products together into a large homogeneous supply. This process is called concentration. Allocation: it involves sorting out of accumulated products and consists of breaking down a homogeneous supply into smacker lots it is also referred to as the process of dispersion. Assorting: it involves building an assortment of different but perhaps a related product to form a stock of an intermediary. At the manufacturer level assortment are dictated by production technology while at the consumer and, use assortments are governed by consumption pattern. These discrepancies in assortment create opportunities for intermediaries to participate in the channels of distribution. Importance of distribution channels: Channels of distribution for a product the route taken by the title to goods they are from the producers to the ultimate consumers. It is very important because product in one place while the consumption scattered in many place. So there is big gap between producers and the consumers. So through channels of distribution can only fill the gap. A channel of distribution connects a link between the producers and the consumers. The middle man plays an important role in consumer orientation demand. The middlemen are specialist in concentration equalization and dispersion, i.e. collects output of various producers subdivide the products according to the needs of the consumers. disperse this assortment to the consumers. The success of channels of distribution [COD] is completely depending upon the middlemen as they create time and possession utility. The COD helps in making products available at right time in the night place and in the right quality. Marketing is a comprehensive term, which includes distribution also, distribution is a function to distribution or sub divided the producers goods to various specific markets which incurred to all ultimate consumers. Role of channels of distribution Channel of Distribution plays a very important role in achieving the marketing objectives of a company. Undoubtedly, the manufacturer of product or services creates involve utility but the distribution channels create time and place utilities. According to Drucker, both the market and distribution channels are offer more crucial than the product. They are primary; the product is secondary. In an ever widening market, particularly in consumer goods market distribution channels have a distinctive role in the successful implementation of marketing plans and strategies. These channels performing the following marketing functions the machinery of distribution. The searching out of buyers and seller. Matching goods to requirements of the market(merchandising) Offering products in the form of assortments packages of items usable and acceptable by the consumers /users. Persuading and influencing the prospective buyers to favor a certain products and its maker [personal selling /sales promotion]. Implementing pricing strategies in such a manner that would be acceptable to the buyers and ensure effective distribution functions. Participating actively in the creation and establishment of market for a new product. Offering pre- and after sales service to customer Transferring of new technology to the users along with the supply of products and playing green resolution in our country. Providing feels back information, marketing intelligence and sales forecasting services for their regions their suppliers. Offering credit to retailers and consumers. Risk- bearing with references to stock holding transport. MIDDLEMAN IN DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Merchant intermediaries are those channels member who take both title to and position of goods from the proceeding member (s) and channels them to the subsequence. These may classify as follows: Wholesalers : A merchants wholesalers may be defined as that intermediary who buys goods in bulk from manufactures and sells them largely to subsequent intermediaries participating in the channel, namely, semi-wholesalers and retailers, they buy the goods and sees the same on their own account and risk. They take title of goods and they resale the goods at a profit with commission. Retailers: A retailer may be defined as that merchant intermediary who buys product from preceding challes members in smaller assorted lots to suit individuals consumer requirements. Retail in the final middlemen in the channel of distribution as he is going to sell products to houses holds consumers for non- business use. Retailers are further classified as institutional and non- institutional retailers. The institutional retailers are: Consumer Co- operative stores. Fair price shops. Departmental stores. Chain / multiple stores. Mail order houses. The non-institutional buyers are: Stress sellers. Peddlers. Hawkers. Agent Intermediaries: Agent Intermediaries are those channel components who never take title to end usually do not take title to and usually do not take possession of goods but merely assist manufacturers, merchants intermediaries and consumers in carrying out transactions of sale and purchase. There for, unlike merchant intermediaries, they do not buy or sell goods on their own account but merely bring buyers and sellers together in order to strike a transaction. There exist an agency relationship between such an intermediary manufacturers where in the former acts as agent and the latter as his principal, such agent intermediaries solicit orders, sometimes with discretion a fixing prices, and determines the term of sale with buyers. Agent intermediaries are usually compensable for their services by way of commission on the value of sale affected through them or any other basis naturally agrees upon. Agent intermediaries may be further classified as follows: Sole selling agent. Selling agent. Commission agent. Brokers. Channel decision The first problem of channel design in whether you want direct sale to consumer or indirect sale i.e., sale through middleman under the direct sales the channel problem becomes problems of company organization. If the company chooses the indirect route, it must consider such problem as the type and number of middlemans and methods to be employed in motivating and controlling them. The selection of these middlemen beings with the knowledge of ultimate customers-his needs and desires for distribution services. Customer conveniences and economics of exclusive distribution will determine the number of middleman employed. The company must choose whether to attempt extensive, selective or exclusive distribution or combination of all three types, the decision is made after the careful analysis of product, customer, dealers, and company objectives and policies, and the conflict with in the channels and any other relevant factors. The company must resolve channels and bring the product profit ably to the market. In the chance managements a manufacturer has to make three decisions: Section of a particular middleman at each level and in each market. Number of middlemen at each level and in each market. Selection of particular middlemen for selling goods, with or without any exclusive rights of distribution. Once the company has determined, its basic channel design and levels of distribution, it has to select middlemen appoint them, motivate their efforts, evaluate their utility periodically and if necessary, it has to reorganizing the channels in the light of experience. Channel choice Channel decisions also require special attention as involve long term commitments to other firms with whom marketer enters in to a contract. The problem of selecting the most suitable channel 0f distribution for a product is complex. The most fundamental factor for channel choice and channel management it economic criteria, viz., cost and profit criteria, we have to consider a number of factors such as the nature of the product, market trends, competition outlooks pricing policies typical consumer needs, as well as needs of the manufacture critical factor. Product factors Product manufactured by a company itself is a governing factor of great force in the distribution channel selection. The product attributes shape the channel decision in the following manners, If a commodity is perishable or fragile a producer prefers few and controlled levels of distribution. For durable and standardized goods longer and diversified channel may be necessary. For custom made product direct distribution to consumer or industrial user may be desirable. Systems approaches needs package deal and shorter-channel serves the purpose. For technical product requiring specialized and selling and serving talent, we here the shortest channel. Products of high unit value are sold directly by traveling sales force and not through middlemen. Market factors Under the modern concept of marketing market factor shape all marketing decision. As a corollary, the distribution channel choice is considerably influenced by market factor. Consumers: the numbers of consumers, their geographic location and purchase pattern considerably govern the choice of a channel. Intermediaries: the relative strength and weakness of intermediaries and the difference in the type of function performed and facilities and privileges desired by them often determine the choice of channel. Competitors: the distribution channels used by competitors also influence the channel choice because it may be the customary channel used by all those operating in the field. If the market size is large, we have many channels where as in a small market direct selling may be profitable. Company factors Like markets and products, companies own strength and weakness significantly influence and shape channel choices. Financial strength: a company with substantial and financial resources need not really too much on the middlemen and can offered. To reduce the levels of distribution a weaker company has to open on middlemen to secure financial and warehousing relief. Past channel experience: in case often old and established company its past experience of working with certain kind of intermediaries also condition channel choice. Marketing policies: the marketing policies relevant to channels decision may relate to advertising delivery, after sales service and pricing. Reputation: it is said that the reputation travels faster than the man. It is true in case of companies also who wish to select distribution channels. Middlemen Middlemen who can provide wanted marketing services will be given first preference. The selected middle men must offer maximum co operation particularly in promotional services. They must expect marketing policies and programs of the manufacturers and actively help them in their implementation. The channel generating the largest sales volume unit cost will be given top priority this will be minimizing distribution cost. Competitors Marketers closely watch the channels used by rivals. Many a times, similar channels may be desirable to bring about distribution of your products also. Followers, sometimes marketers deliberately avoid customary channels (dominated by rivals) and adopt different channels strategy for instance, you may by pass retail store channel (usually used by rival) and adopt door to door sales (where there is no competitors). Environmental factors Marketing environment can also influence the channel decision. During recession or depression, shorter and cheaper channel is always preferable. In times of prosperity we have a wider choice of channel alternatives. Technological inventions also have impact on distribution. The distribution of the perishable goods even in distant markets becomes a reality due to cold storage facilities in transport and warehousing. Hence this led to expanded role of intermediaries in the distribution of perishable goods. Arranging in classes of distribution channels and intermediaries Types of distribution channels: broadly distribution channels may be classified as a non integrated and integrated channel is individual or conventional marketing channels.

“Shane” by Jack Schaefer Essay -- Character Analysis

In the novel â€Å"Shane†, by Jack Schaefer, Marian, the wife of Joe and the mother of Bob is initially played out to be a very simple character. She cooks and cleans and cares for her family. She starts to develop a more complex character as Shane arrives. You can tell from the beginning that Marian wants to impress her guest with her cooking and her curiosity of the latest fashions. But as the novel progresses you begin to see that Marian may want more from Shane than originally shown. In the beginning of the story, Marian just thinks of Shane as a guest, she cooks and cleans for him and makes sure he is at home. However, from the start she was drawn to him. He was as she said â€Å" dangerous†, and she liked that. Marian liked that Shane was different and unfamiliar, and was impressed by his ...

Essay on Song of Solomon: The Names of a Society -- Song Solomon essay

Song of Solomon: The Names of a Society    Think of a time when the black society was still getting used to the word freedom and the white society hated the thought of it. The book Song of Solomon, written by Toni Morrison in 1977, takes place in Michigan on the shores of Lake Superior. The book emphasizes the racial and social tensions between blacks and whites between the 1930s and the 1960s. The Dead family goes through many phases of self-discovery throughout the story. In an effort to hide his southern, working class roots, Macon Dead, an upper-class northern black businessman tries to insulate his family from the danger and despair of the rank and file blacks with whom he shares the neighborhood. Macon can not keep this from influencing his family when he learns that his son has different plans. The book introduces many characters that have received their names from yearnings, events, mistakes, and weaknesses. Some of these names are out of respect and others are given by certain occurrences. Mostly the names are used i n defiance to the "cracker society". The black society used this term to relate to the "white society".    The Dead family lives on a street officially named "Mains Avenue". The only black doctor in town lived on this street and it soon became known as "Doctor Street". Soon it became the unofficial name of the street known not only to the doctor's patients, but also to the rest of the black citizens of the town. White legislators soon put a stop to the incorrect naming of the street and posted notices forbidding incorrect references to it in the black neighborhood. The notices stated that the avenue "would always be known as Mains Avenue and not Doctor Street"(p. 4). In a subtle retaliation, the ci... ...ack society in those days. They kept and used names that the cracker society would forget about in a few days. By keeping such names the black community quietly defied conformation to the white society.    This novel illustrates how the human spirit can not be dominated. The black community is able to fill in the empty spaces, which the "other society" is not able to enter into or relate to. When Milkman thinks back of all of the people that he had met on his journey it reflects the essence of the novel, " Names they got from yearnings, gestures, flaws, events, mistakes, weaknesses. Names that bore witness"(p. 330). The African American population found a way to allow for life and spirit in a world controlled by "crackers". Their defiance shows that the human spirit is unstoppable.    Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: First Plume Printing, 1987.

Misconceptions About Africa

Coming to America Paper In the movie â€Å"Coming to America† we can observe a wide variety of stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers throughout the movie. Now whether or not the stereotypes and cultural differences are accurate, it gives us a good idea of how America is difference then most countries around the world. In today’s world when people think of Africa they think of people who may not be as educated as Americans, and possibly people who grew up in the jungle or rainforest. When in fact â€Å"only a small percentage of Africa, along the Guinea Coast, Congo, and in the Zaire River Basin, are rainforests. Most of Africa's forests, like the forests of Europe and North America, have been cut or burned by humans to create farmland. † (MAA) We also witness language barriers come into play in the movie. When the Prince is trying to find a city in America to find his bride he says â€Å"what better place for a queen than Queen’s, New York†. When in all reality Queen’s, New York is known for being to have a relatively high crime rate and high poverty rate in 1988 when the movie was released, which in American culture, would probably not be the best place to find your â€Å"queen† or girlfriend. Cultural differences, language barriers, and stereotypes, come up quite often in the movie. The movie tries to show Americans in a somewhat comedic way how Africa and America have different cultures. The cultural differences in the movie also suggest that it may not be very easy to transition between the two cultures, because American’s and African’s may value different things greater in one country compared to the other. Stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers will always be around, but it is up to the people of the world to educate one another, and help them evaluate and understand their differences, which will in turn help the coexistence of nations throughout the world. Citations â€Å"Misconceptions About Africa. †Ã‚  African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania. Ed. Ali B. Ali-Dinar. Web. 05 Oct. 2010. . (MAA)

Health and Safety of Using a Computer

You need to use the internet to search for the following information. Use the table below to store your answers along with the web address of websites where you found the information. You should use more than one website to check your answers Why is posture important when using a computer? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| Your ‘computer posture' can have a huge impact on your health. If it's poor, and you slouch for 7 hours a day in front of your PC, your body will suffer in the long-term. | http://www. fitness-programs-for-life. om/computer-posture. html| Why should you take regular breaks or change of activity when using a computer? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| Eye muscles that shift focus between your source document and a screen for a long period of time can tire. | http://www. staffs. ac. uk/images/user042_tcm68-12657. pdf| Find an image to show how you should correctly sit when you are using a computer? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| | http://www. google. co. uk/imgres? imgurl=https://www. ourloungelearning. co. uk/materials/popups/new_screenshots/hse1. gif;imgrefurl=https://www. yourloungelearning. co. uk/materials/popups/health_safety. php;usg=__IFMYnONBLFJMUTBDRGIS4N0Y5NU=;h=328;w=425;sz=27;hl=en;start=3;zoom=1;tbnid=3kv5FZAK84FF1M:;tbnh=97;tbnw=126;ei=JhUxT_mxGIqK0AXjwtC0Bw;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhow%2Bshould%2Byou%2Bsit%2Bat%2Ba%2Bcomputer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom. microsoft:en-gb%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D852%26sout%3D1%26tbm%3Disch;um=1;itbs=1|Why should computer screens and chairs be adjustable? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| Adjust your keyboard and screen to get a good keying and viewing position. A space in front of the keyboard is sometimes helpful for resting the hands and wrists while not keying. Adjust seat height to ensure hands are perpendicular to keyboard (height adjustme nt is usually achieved by a handle to the left underside of the chair). | http://www3. imperial. ac. uk/occhealth/guidanceandadvice/computerhealth/compute healthgeneralguidance| Find out at least two health problems that might be related to computer use? Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| 1. Eye Disease 2. Computer Stress Injuries 3. Hurting Hands| http://heheli. com/business/top-4-health-problems-caused-by-computer-use/| Find an image to show overloading sockets and find out why you should not overload sockets Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| | http://images. google. co. uk/imgres? imgurl=http://www. ambethliving. org. uk/images/overloaded%2520socket_m. gif;imgrefurl=http://www. lambethliving. org. uk/Default. aspx%3Fpage%3D516;usg=__PGOPSK2MwkKZwGesrJ2Em_8vjEo=;h=183;w=150;sz=13;hl=en;start=17;zoom=1;tbnid=XTRUfXeqS4U0ZM:;tbnh=102;tbnw=84;ei=IhcxT_7NEM2GhQfr9sz-BA;prev=/search%3Fq%3Doverloading%2Bsockets%26hl%3Den%26s afe%3Dactive%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D852%26gbv%3D2%26sout%3D1%26tbm%3Disch;itbs=1| Why should you not have trailing cables around a computer room?Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| A large number of accidents around the work place, are cause by tripping over trailing wires. | http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Why_shouldn't_you_have_trailing_wires_near_a_computer#ixzz1lhKk6ABs| Find out what is meant by ergonomic furniture Information found (copy and paste from the website)| Web address| What does ergonomics mean? | ‘Ergonomics' is the science of designing environments and products to match the individuals who use them.The word ‘ergonomics' comes from the Greek ‘ergon' meaning ‘work' and ‘nomos' meaning ‘law'. â€Å"Fitting the worker to the job not the job to the worker. † * Fitting the job to the worker through task design and procedures * Fitting the worker to the job through the use of proper placement procedures an d training. It should be noted â€Å"What works for one worker may not work for another, so it's important to emphasize individual solutions. † Your basic knowledge of ergonomics is a prevention of physical damage or injuries that may occur.

Evaluate the organizations innovation strategy Essay

Evaluate the organizations innovation strategy - Essay Example The retailer knows the danger of clogging up drains with grease and that is why it adopted bio-diesel made from waste brown cooking grease in its stores. The company saves an enormous portion of cash from green produce grown in United States. The production is made possible by Wal-Mart’s interaction with local suppliers and growers that fill its grocery stores with products on the prompt basis. The company’s innovation technology features other eco-friendly products such as organic cotton for making clothes. The strategy has enabled the company to save on cash and create a safe environment for its customers (Hurst, 2012). The innovation strategy has also led to high productivity, competitive positioning, and quality. Wal-Mart retains its market share in the retail industry and as the leading retailer in United States. The goal of the Wal-Mart is to change the world through eco-friendly innovations, and it has sustained the company in the market for the last

Civil Engineering Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civil Engineering Contracts - Essay Example This paper examines the fundamental differences that exist in the approaches that these two types of contracts that have the capability of attracting disputes. Under clause 2.1 of the FIDIC contracts, a contractor has the right of accessing the site for purposes of finding any useful information that can be used for purposes of executing the contract (Robinson, 2013). Furthermore, this clause denotes that the contractor has the power and the capability of taking possession of the site, for purposes of executing the provisions of the contract (Forward, 2003). However, the contractor can only access the site, after getting a letter of acceptance from the employer, and this is in accordance to clause 8.2 of the FIDIC contracts. The right of accessing the site is very mandatory to the contractor, basically because he is in charge of the security of his workers, while undertaking their duties. This is the major reason why a contractor has to undertake the ground inspections, and ascertain the nature of the ground before commencing work (Forward, 2003). This is the reason why some employer may be reluctant to employ a contractor who does not have insurance that covers his workers. The responsibility of the contractor, in regards to the security of his workers is found in clause 4.1 which denotes that it is the responsibility of a contractor to ensure the safety of all operations at the site (Rowlinson, 2011). This is an indication that the safety of his workers are in his hands, hence an employer ha s given him the work, therefore the contractor has the duty of seeking any information, that is not available from the ground site (Bunni & Bunni, 2005). This is for purposes of planning how he would undertake his work, in a secure method. Clause 4.10 of the FIDIC red-book mandates an employer to provide any information concerning the site